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GIFT  OF 

7. 


HOME 


JOHN  T.  JUDKINS 


4O36    RICHMOND   STREET 


SAN    DIEGO,    CAL. 


grt 


•  .* 

MEMOIR 


RECENT    SURVEYS,  OBSERVATIONS, 

AND 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

IN    THE 

UNITED  STATES, 

WITH  BRIEF  NOTICES  OF  THE  NEW  COUNTIES,  TOWNS, 

VILLAGES,  CANALS,  AND  RAIL  ROADS,  NEVER 

BEFORE    DELINEATED. 


BY  H.  S.  TANNER. 


INTENDED    TO    ACCOMPANY    HIS 

NEW  MAP   OF  THE  UNITED  STATES. 


PUBLISHED  BY  THE  AUTHOR. 

Mifllin  &  Parry,  Printers. 

1829. 


Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania,  to  wit : 

BE  IT  REMEMBERED,  that  on  the  tenth  day  of  July,  in  the  fifty-fourth 
year  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America,  A.  D.  1829,  Hen 
ry  S.  Tanner,  of  the  said  District,  has  deposited  in  this  office  the  title  of  a 
book,  the  right  whereof  he  claims  as  Author,  in  the  words  following,  to  wit  : 

"Memoir  on  the  Recent  Surveys,  Observations,  and  Internal  Improvements, 
in  the  United  States,  with  brief  Notices  of  the  New  Counties,  Towns,  Villages, 
Canals,  and  Rail  Roads,  never  before  delineated.  By  H.  S.  Tanner.  Intend 
ed  to  accompany  his  New  Map  of  the  United  States." 

In  conformity  to  the  Act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  intituled. 
''An  Act  for  the  Encouragement  of  Learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  Maps, 
Charts,  and  Books  to  the  Authors  and  Proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the 
times  therein  mentioned;"  and  also  to  the  Act  entitled,  "  An  Act,  supplemen 
tary  to  an  Act,  entitled,  "  an  Act  for  the  Encouragement  of  Learning,  by  se 
curing  the  copies  of  Maps,  Charts,  and  Books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors 
of  such  copies  during  the  times  therein  mentioned,"  and  extending  the  bene 
fits  thereof  to  the  arts  of  designing,  engraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other 
prints." 

D.  CALDWELL, 
Clerk  of  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


MEMOIR,  &c. 


IN  presenting  to  the  American  public  a  Map  of  the 
United  States,  differing  essentially  from  those  hither 
to  published,  both  in  its  general  aspect  and  local  fea 
tures,  it  will  naturally  be  expected  that  some  account 
will  be  given,  of  the  sources  whence  I  have  drawn 
my  information.  This  I  shall  do  with  as  much  bre 
vity  as  a  satisfactory  review  of  the  materials  will  per 
mit. 

Before  proceeding  with  the  proposed  detail,  some 
remarks  on  the  projection  and  basis  meridian  adopted 
for  the  map,  are  deemed  necessary  to  a  clear  illustra 
tion  of  the  subject, 

In  examining  the  infinite  variety  of  projections 
which  an  investigation  of  the  subject  presented,  it 
was  an  object  of  importance  to  select  such  a  one  for 
the  present  map,  as  should  exhibit  the  superficial  and 
linear  measures  in  their  truest  proportion,  and  pre 
serve  an  equal  length  for  the  diagonals  of  the  rhombs. 
In  order  to  effect  these  objects  as  nearly  as  possible, 
recourse  was  had  to  the  following  method. — The 
number  of  geographical  miles  contained  in  a  degree 
of  longitude,  on  each  parallel  of  latitude,  was  set  off 

1 

269800 


MEMOIR. 

by  a  diagonal  scale,  constructed  with  the  greatest  pre 
cision;  through  the  points  of  division  curved  lines 
were  drawn  representing  the  meridians;  when  the 
parallels  of  latitude  were  drawn  in  sections  of  con 
centric  circles,  by  radii  obtained  by  extending  the 
lines  of  longitude,  until,  by  the  laws  of  their  de 
crease,  they  intersected  each  other  at  or  beyond  the 
north  pole,  and  thus  formed  a  common  centre,  from 
which  circular  arcs  representing  the  parallels  of  lati 
tude  were  described  as  above-mentioned. 

This  mode  of  delineating  sections  of  the  globe  on 
a  plane  is  supposed  to  be,  though  simple  in  its  nature, 
a  very  near  approximation  to  the  truth;  all  the  me 
ridians  and  parallels  intersect  each  other  at  right  an 
gles;  the  successive  quadrilaterals  between  any  two 
meridians  are  nearly  equal  in  area,  and  similar  to 
those  on  the  globe ;  every  parallel  of  latitude  is 
equally  divided  by  the  meridians;  and  every  parallel, 
as  terminated  by  two  meridians  on  the  map,  is  ex 
ceedingly  near  the  same  length  as  the  corresponding 
part  on  the  globe  itself:  hence  it  is  obvious,  that  this 
method  preserves  the  outline  and  relative  position  of 
sections  of  a  sphere  as  nearly  as  the  reduction  of  a 
globular  to  a  plane  surface  will  admit.  This  projec 
tion  is  said  to  be  much  used  in  France,  and  we  know 
that  Delile  and  D'Anville  have  employed  it  in  the 
construction  of  their  most  approved  maps.  It  ad 
mits  of  the  application  of  the  simple  scale  for  the  ad 
measurement  of  distances,  to  every  part  of  the  map, 
and  thus  obviates  the  necessity  for  that  multiplicity 


MEMOIR. 

of  scales  which  the  globular,  stereographic  and  many 
other  projections  require. 

When  a  considerable  portion  of  the  earth's  surface 
is  projected  on  a  plane,  by  that  nondescript  method 
of  representing  the  parallels  of  latitude  by  straight 
lines,  the  real  dimensions,  and  often  the  figure  and 
position  of  countries,  are  much  distorted  and  misre 
presented,  especially  towards  the  eastern  and  western 
extremities  of  the  map,  where  the  meridians  and  pa 
rallels  intersect  each  other  obliquely,  so  that  a  quad- 
rilateral  space  shall  often  be  represented  by  an  oblique- 
angled  rhomboid  figure,  whose  diagonals  are  very  far 
from  equal ;  and  yet  we  see  a  simple  scale  of  distan 
ces  inserted  in  such  a  map  ! 

It  will  be  observed  that  the  degrees  of  longitude 
are  computed  east  and  west  of  the  Capitol  at  Wash 
ington.  To  the  adoption  of  that  point  as  a  first  me 
ridian  for  my  map,  some  persons  have  objected,  as 
augmenting  the  number  of  such  meridians,  already 
too  numerous,  they  say.  If,  by  selecting  the  meridi 
an  most  generally  used  for  foreign  maps,  I  could  have 
in  any  measure  checked  the  practice  complained  of, 
or  have  added  any  thing  towards  the  establishment  of 
a  universal  meridian,  as  proposed  by  La  Place,*  one 
of  the  first  geometricians  of  his  age,  I  should  most 
certainly  have  contributed  my  humble  efforts  in  fa 
vour  of  the  design.  But,  until  that  national  feeling, 
which  is  inherent  in  every  independent  community, 

*  This  universal  meridian  is  113°  51'  18"  west  of  Washington, 


4-  MEMOIR. 

shall  have  been  entirely  eradicated,  there  is  no  reason- 
ble  ground  to  hope  for  the  accomplishment  of  such  an 
object,  notwithstanding  the  facilities  it  might  afford  to 
navigation,  or  however  desirable  in  other  points  of 
view. 

The  longitude  of  Washington  from  Greenwich  has 
been,  in  conformity  with  an  act  of  Congress,  recent 
ly  ascertained  by  William  Lambert,  a  gentleman  well 
known  for  his  scientific  acquirements,  whose  report 
on  the  subject  is  entitled  to  the  highest  confidence. 
By  Mr.  Lambert's  calculations,  the  Capitol  at  Wash 
ington  was  found  to  be  76°  55'  30"  to  the  west  of 
the  Observatory  at  Greenwich.  The  exact  position 
of  our  Capital  having  been  thus  determined,  with  a 
view,  on  the  part  of  government,  to  the  establish 
ment  of  a  first  Meridian  for  the  United  States  ;  and 
as  this  object  will  probably  ere  long  be  completely 
effected,  by  the  erection  of  an  observatory,  furnished 
with  suitable  instruments  and  apparatus,  by  which  to 
lessen  our  dependence  on  foreign  nations  for  the  ele 
ments  necessary  to  be  used  in  astronomical  calcula 
tions  ;  I  felt  it  incumbent  on  me  to  contribute  my 
humble  aid  towards  the  introduction  into  use  of  the 
proposed  meridian,  and  therefore  selected  it  as  the 
one  best  suited  to  an  American  map,  intended  for  the 
use  of  Americans. 

The  adoption  of  a  meridian  not  yet  in  general  use, 
even  in  our  own  country,  is  the  less  important  as  ap 
plied  in  the  present  instance,  as  such  maps  are  seldom 
or  never  used  for  the  purposes  of  navigation.  In  the 


MEMOIR.  5 

construction  of  hydrographical  charts,  an  adherence 
to  points  generally  known  and  recognized  by  nauti 
cal  men  is,  perhaps,  both  proper  and  necessary,  and 
should  not  be  wholly  abandoned  until  the  new  meri 
dian  be  completely  established  ;  which  should  and 
would  of  necessity  be  effected  by  slow  degrees.  In 
any  view  of  the  subject,  it  must  be  admitted  that  the 
adoption  of  first  meridians  in  the  construction  of  maps 
is  quite  arbitrary.  We  see  that  every  country,  and 
indeed  almost  every  province,  has  its  first  meridian. 
Spain  has  no  less  than  eight,  if  we  include  that  of  To 
ledo:  Cadiz,  the  most  in  use  among  navigators;  Car- 
thagena;  the  observatory  of  the  Isle  of  Leon;  the  for 
mer  College  of  Nobles,  at  Madrid;  the  Island  of  Tri 
nidad  ;  Teneriffe;  and  the  Island  of  Ferro,  the  last 
having  been  in  many  instances  adopted  by  D'Anville. 
For  a  long  time  it  was  customary  to  reckon  the  lon 
gitude,  in  most  countries,  from  the  Isle  of  Ferro; 
but  it  is  now  usual  to  compute  it  from  the  metropolis 
of  the  country.  Thus  in  France,  Paris  is  the  first 
meridian;  and  in  Great  Britain,  the  Royal  Observa 
tory  at  Greenwich. 

Our  own  country  furnishes  additional  testimony  to 
the  correctness  of  the  above  remark.  Boston,  New 
York,  Philadelphia,  and  Washington,  have  each  had 
their  advocates  in  the  persons  of  their  resident  geo 
graphers,  who  appear  to  have  selected  a  first  meridian 
for  their  maps,  according  as  their  convenience  or  fan 
cy  dictated.  This  practice,  it  is  hoped,  will  be  en 
tirely  abandoned,  since  the  position  of  our  capital 


6  MEMOIR. 

has  been  determined  with  sufficient  exactness  for  all 
geographical  purposes.  Many  circumstances  induce 
the  belief  that  those  places  will  eventually  give  way  to 
the  City  of  Washington,  as  the  only  legitimate  point 
for  a  national  first  meridian  ;  its  local  situation,  being 
nearly  in  the  centre  of  population,  and  approximat 
ing  nearer  to  that  of  territory  than  either  of  the  pla 
ces  above-mentioned,  and  being  also  the  seat  of  the 
general  government,  are  considerations  which  tend  to 
confirm  this  impression. 

It  may  not  be  improper  to  remark  here,  that  the 
Observatory  at  Greenwich  lies,  as  we  have  seen,  76° 
55'  30"  to  the  east  of  Washington  ;  hence  it  is  very 
easy  to  reduce  the  longitude  of  Greenwich  to  that  of 
Washington  :  for,  if  the  longitude  required  be  west, 
we  have  only  to  subtract  76°  55'  <30"  from  the  Ion- 
gitude  of  Greenwich,  and  the  remainder  is  the  longi 
tude  west  from  Washington  :  on  the  other  hand,  if 
the  place  be  east  of  Greenwich,  we  obtain  the  longi 
tude  east  from  Washington,  by  adding  to  that  of 
Greenwich  76°  55'  30".  If  the  place  lies  between 
Greenwich  and  Washington,  its  longitude  from  the 
latter  place  will  be  obtained  by  subtracting  its  longi 
tude  west  from  Greenwich  from  76°  55'  30". 

The  new  map  of  the  United  States  is  founded  on, 
and  embraces  generally,  the  valuable  and  original  in 
formation,  contained  in  my  American  Atlas.  The 
maps  of  the  Western  States  and  Territories  which 
form  a  part  of  that  work,  were  drawn  principally 
from  the  government  surveys,  which  now  extend  al- 


MEMOIR.  7 

most  entirely  over  the  states  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illi 
nois,  Missouri,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  and  Alabama, 
and  partially  over  the  territories  of  Michigan,  Ar 
kansas,  and  Florida. 

These  surveys  are  made  in  half-mile  sections,  which 
give  to  them  a  degree  of  correctness  seldom  attained 
by  any  other  mode,  and,  when  carefully  combined., 
exhibit  a  very  exact  representation  of  the  country. 
As  the  public  surveys  are  frequently  noticed,  a  few 
observations  here  on  the  system  upon  which  they  are 
made  will  perhaps  be  useful. 

All  the  lines  are  run  by  the  true  meridian,  in  most 
instances  with  compasses  of  Rittenhouse's  construc 
tion,  with  nonius  divisions  and  moveable  sights.  The 
variation  of  the  compass  is  determined  every  ten  or 
twelve  miles  on  the  east  and  west  lines,  and  every 
twenty  or  twenty-five  on  the  north  and  south  lines, 
by  celestial  observations,  which  give  the  courses  of 
the  lines  as  great  a  degree  of  accuracy  as  can  well  be 
obtained  by  the  compass.  The  chains  used  by  the 
surveyors  are  all  similar,  and  adjusted  by  standards 
kept  in  the  offices.  In  surveying  uneven  or  hilly 
ground  the  chain  is  carried  horizontally,  so  as  to  ob 
tain  the  true  horizontal  measure.  In  this  manner  the 
surveys  are  made  in  townships,  whose  sides  (limited 
by  true  meridians,  and  parallels  to  the  equator)  are 
each  six  miles  in  length;  area  36  square  miles  or  sec 
tions,  each  containing  640  acres  ;  each  township  con 
tains  23,040  acres;  a  quarter  section  is  a  square  whose 
sides  are  each  half  a  mile,  and  contains  1GO  acres. 


8  MEMOIR. 

The  corners  of  each  section  are  distinctly  marked  by 
the  United  States  deputy  surveyors.  The  sections  are 
numbered  from  1  to  36,  beginning  at  the  north-east 
corner  of  the  township,  and  going  from  right  to  left 
to  the  north-west  corner,  and  then  returning  from 
left  to  right  to  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  township, 
and  so  on,  terminating  at  the  south-east  corner.  The 
townships  are  also  numbered,  commencing  at  the 
principal  meridians  east  and  west,  and  on  the  base 
line  north  or  south.  This  mode  is  uniformly  pursu 
ed  in  the  survey  of  all  lands  belonging  to  the  United 
States;  therefore,  whenever  mention  is  made  of  Unit 
ed  States  or  public  surveys,  it  will  be  understood  to 
mean  those  which  have  been  made  according  to  the 
mode  here  described.  It  will  be  readily  perceived, 
that  from  the  caution  used  in  those  surveys,  there  is 
no  likelihood  of  any  other  interference  in  the  lines, 
than  what  the  necessary  convergence  of  the  meridi" 
ans  will  produce. 

In  addition  to  the  great  mass  of  original  informa 
tion  embodied  in  the  New  American  Atlas,  import 
ant  accessions  to  the  stock  of  knowledge  on  the  geo 
graphy  of  the  United  States  have  recently  been  made, 
by  the  publication  of  excellent  local  and  state  maps. 
These  having  been  used  in  perfecting  the  corres 
ponding  parts  of  the  present  map,  give  to  them  an 
appearance  very  different  from  all  preceding  repre 
sentations. 

With  a  view  of  acquiring  as  much  additional  in 
formation  as  possible,  various  methods  of  obtaining 


MEMOIR.  9 

the  most  recent  and  authentic  surveys,  and  observa 
tions  for  latitude  and  longitude,  were  adopted.  One 
of  these  resulted  in  the  acquisition  of  many  important 
facts  connected  with  the  subject,  and  documents  re 
garding  the  geography  of  remote  sections  of  our  coun 
try  were  communicated  by  individuals  resident  in 
them.  A  circular  letter,  of  which  the  following  is  a 
copy,  inviting  fresh  information,  was  extensively  dis 
tributed  among  the  most  intelligent  part  of  the  com 
munity,  and  subsequently  published  in  many  of  the 
respectable  journals  throughout  the  country. 

SIB,  Philadelphia,  June  1st,  1828. 

Having  nearly  completed  a  large  Map  of  the  United 
States,  on  a  scale  of  30  miles  to  the  inch,  for  which  I  have, 
since  the  publication  of  my  New  American  Atlas,  been  col 
lecting  and  arranging  materials ;  and  being  ardently  desirous 
of  rendering  it  as  perfect  as  the  nature  of  such  a  work  will 
admit ;  I  take  the  liberty  of  submitting  to  you  the  annexed 
inquiries,  to  which  I  would  most  respectfully  and  earnestly 
solicit  your  early  attention.  Under  a  well-founded  belief 
that  much  additional  information,  regarding  the  geography 
of  local  districts  of  our  country,  might  be  acquired  by  a  re 
sort  to  means  which  have,  on  former  occasions,  been  adopt 
ed  by  me  with  signal  advantage  ;  I  again  avail  myself  of  the 
same  mode  of  inviting  the  co-operation  of  intelligent  indi 
viduals  throughout  the  United  States,  by  whose  aid  and  a 
firm  determination  on  my  part  to  use  my  best  exertions  for 
the  attainment  of  the  object,  I  trust  I  shall  be  enabled  to 
collect  and  combine  many  original  documents,  which  now  lie 
comparatively  useless  in  various  and  remote  parts  of  the 
country. 

With  a  view  of  accomplishing  this  desirable  object  in  its 


10  MEMOIR. 

fullest  extent,  I  engage  to  grant,  to  persons  requiring  it,  pe 
cuniary  or  other  compensation  for  the  use  of  Maps  whose 
delineations  are  strictly  original  and  of  undoubted  accuracy. 
Any  maps  of  this  description  that  may  be  forwarded,  shall 
be  returned  to  their  owners  respectively,  free  of  expense 
and  in  good  order,  together  with  any  reasonable  compensa 
tion  for  their  use  that  may  be  agreed  on. 

The  following  are  the  subjects  to  which  I  would  respect 
fully  call  your  attention  : — 

1.  Climate,  Soil,   Productions,    and   Population  of    your 
County. 

2.  Latitude  and  Longitude  of  important  points  not  hitherto 
ascertained  or  made  known,  particularly  in  the  West 
ern  and  South- Western  States  and  Territories. 

3.  Recent  and  contemplated  changes  in  State  or  County 

boundaries. 

4.  Newly  organized  Counties,  with  names,  position,  6cc. 
of  their  respective  seats  of  justice. 

5.  Location  of  new  Towns  generally,  with  the  population 
of  each. 

6.  Errors  in  existing  Maps,  with  suggestions  for  their  cor 
rection. 

7.  Mineral  Springs. 

8.  Minerals,  especially  such  as  may  be  applied  to  the  use 
ful  Arts. 

9.  Projected  Canals,  Rail  and  Turnpike  roads,  and  other 
internal  improvements,* 

10.  Distances  from  place  to  place  along  the  leading  roads, 
with  the  most  noted  public  houses. 

11.  Steam-boat  and   Stage  routes,  recently  established  or 
contemplated, — and  generally  to  whatever  else  may  in 
your  judgment  be  deemed  important  in  reference  to 
the  object  in  view, 

As  it  is  particularly  desirable  that  the  Map  be  published 
as  early  in  the  ensuing  season  as  its  proper  execution  will 


MEMOIR.  11 

permit,  I  beg  leave  to  request  a  prompt  answer  to  the  above 
queries,  or  to  such  portion  of  them  as  you  may  find  it  conve 
nient  to  communicate. 

1  am  very  respectfully  yours,  &c. 

HENRY  S.  TANNER. 

This  circular  elicited  valuable  communications,  ac 
companied,  in  many  instances,  by  manuscript  maps 
of  districts,  never  before  or  very  imperfectly  repre 
sented  on  the  existing  maps.  Among  these  is  one  of 
the  northern  part  of  Maine,  illustrative  of  the  inter 
esting  question  of  boundaries  between  the  United 
States  and  British  possessions  ;  together  with  a  dia 
gram,  representing  in  profile  the  altitudes  of  the  most 
elevated  points  along  the  Grand  Portage,  from  the  St. 
Lawrence  to  Lake  Temiscouata.  The  latter  is  an 
important  document,  as  it  exhibits  in  three  several 
places  the  points  of  intersection  of  the  Highlands  with 
the  boundary  between  Maine  and  Lower  Canada. 
This  profile  and  its  accompanying  map  were  con 
structed  by  order,  and  for  the  use,  of  tbe  commis 
sioners  under  the  Ghent  treaty,  and  add  greatly  to 
the  information  regarding  the  interesting  section  em 
braced  by  them. 

In  the  following  account  of  the  materials  used  in  the 
construction  of  the  present  map,  I  shall  confine  my 
self  to  such  as  were  deemed  strictly  original  in  refer 
ence  to  a  general  map  of  the  United  States,  and  such 
as  have  now  for  the  first  time  been  incorporated  into 
any  published  map.  All  other  information,  it  will  be 
recollected,  was  drawn  from  the  American  Atlas,  to 


12  MEMOIR. 

which  the  fresh  materials  enumerated  below,  were 
added  in  the  formation  of  the  new  map. 

EASTERN  STATES. 

This  section  of  my  map  is  greatly  improved  by 
the  insertion  of  the  original  matter  contained  in  the 
map  of  the  boundary  line  and  the  profile  of  the  Grand 
Portage,  mentioned  above. 

The  profile  of  the  Grand  Portage  is  inserted  in  the 
map,  with  a  view  of  exposing  the  unfounded  state 
ments  of  the  British  regarding  the  topography  of  the 
region  traversed  by  the  boundary  between  Canada 
and  the  United  States.  One  of  the  arguments  used 
to  enforce  the  claims  of  the  British  government  to 
the  north  part  of  Maine,  is  founded  on  the  assump 
tion  that  no  highlands  sufficiently  distinct,  to  exhibit 
with  precision  the  line  claimed  by  the  United  States, 
exist  between  "  the  rivers  that  empty  themselves  into 
the  St.  Lawrence,  and  those  which  fall  into  the  At 
lantic  Ocean. "#  By  this  profile  it  will  be  seen  that 
highlands  or  rather  mountains  do  exist  along  the  en 
tire  course  of  the  line,  from  the  sources  of  Connec 
ticut  river  to  those  of  Ristigouche.  Some  of  these 
mountains  attain  an  elevation  of  2000  feet  above  the 
level  of  the  St.  Lawrence. 

The  map  in  question  together  with  the  profile  af 
ford  a  view  of  the  physical  geography  of  this  part  of 
our  country,  essentially  different  from  its  former  de- 

*  Treaty  of  peace  in  1783. 


MEMOIU.  13 

lineations;  and  completely  reverse  the  general  aspect 
as  given  to  it  by  the  advocates  of  the  British  claims. 
They  affirm  that  the  route  claimed  by  the  Americans 
as  the  line  contemplated  by  the  framers  of  the  treaty 
of  1783,  is  nearly  destitute  of  highlands,  and  that 
mountains  of  considerable  elevation  extend  westward 
from  Mars  Hill,  dividing  the  waters  of  St.  John's 
river  from  those  of  the  Penobscot,  &c.  Such  how 
ever  is  not  the  fact,  for  we  find  along  the  former  route 
a  continuous  chain  of  high  hills  if  not  mountains, 
broken,  it  is  true,  occasionally  by  the  action  of  the 
water;  and  the  latter,  with  the  exception  of  Mars  Hill 
itself,  presenting  an  undulating  surface  merely,  but 
little  elevated  above  the  surrounding  plain.  This  is 
the  line  assumed  by  Great  Britain  as  the  boundary  at 
issue,  which  is  carefully  traced  on  my  map.  The  St. 
Croix  forms  a  part  of  the  boundary  between  the 
United  States  and  British  possessions  which  has 
been  definitely  settled.  The  principal  source  of  the 
St.  Croix  was  ascertained  in  the  year  1797  by  the 
commissioners  of  the  United  States  and  Great  Britain, 
under  the  treaty  of  1794.  In  the  year  1817  the  sur 
veyors  of  the  two  governments  again  marked  the 
point  at  which  a  line  due  north  was  to  commence. — 
As  no  other  survey  has  yet  been  made  with  special 
reference  to  the  disputed  boundary,  its  course  cannot 
be  stated  with  precision  :  enough  however  is  known, 
to  justify  the  United  States  government  in  resisting 
the  extravagant  and  unfounded  claim  of  the  British 
government.  In  submitting  the  disputed  points  to 


14  MEMOIR. 

umpirage,  the  government  of  the  United  States  never 
contemplated,  I  apprehend,  granting  the  power  to 
depart  essentially  from  the  boundary  always  claimed 
by  it,  and  until  lately  acquiesced  in  by  that  of  Great 
Britain.  The  power  conferred  on  the  King  of  the 
Netherlands,  as  umpire  in  this  matter,  is  unquestion 
ably  restricted  to  the  simple  adjustment  of  the  boun 
dary  in  question  ;  nor  does  it  admit  of  any  material 
variation  from  the  line  as  defined  by  the  treaty  of 
17S3,  and  as  then  understood  by  all  the  parties  con 
cerned.  The  treaty,  on  which  alone  the  United 
States  may  rely  with  confidence,  describes  the  boun 
dary  with  a  precision,  so  nearly  approaching  to  cer 
tainty,  as  to  forbid  any  misunderstanding  with  regard 
to  the  line,  in  the  mind  of  a  disinterested  observer. 
Other  and  ample  evidence  might  be  adduced  in  sup 
port  of  the  American  title  to  the  disputed  territory — 
this  can  scarcely  be  deemed  necessary,  as  the  treaty 
is  sufficiently  explicit  and  conclusive.  All  the  acts 
of  the  British  government,  from  the  proclamation  of 
1763  to  the  treaty  of  1783,  recognize  the  boundary 
claimed  by  the  United  States,  as  the  one  which  sepa 
rated  the  provinces  of  Quebec  and  Nova  Scotia  from 
the  then  province  of  Maine,  and  declare  that  the  line 
should  "pass  along  the  high  lands  which  divide  the 
rivers  that  empty  themselves  into  the  St.  Lawrence, 
from  those  which  fall  into  the  sea,"  and  that  "  the 
province  of  Quebec  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  a  line 
from  the  Bay  of  Chaleurs  along  the  high  lands,  &c.," 
reciting  the  precise  words  that  were  subsequently 


MEMOIR.  15 

transferred  to  the  treaty  of  peace  in  1783.  The  trea 
ty  however,  in  letter  as  well  as  in  spirit,  is  obviously 
and  decidedly  with  the  American  government.  On 
the  side  of  the  British,  they  rest  altogether  on  their 
vague  notions  of  an  equitable  division  of  the  country, 
upon  which  their  claim  with  regard  to  the  north-west 
angle  of  Nova  Scotia,  is  founded.  This  claim  places 
the  angle  at  the  point  in  the  line  running  due  north 
from  the  source  of  the  St.  Croix,  which  meets  the 
high  lands  at  or  near  Mars  Hill;  and  according  to  this 
view  of  the  subject,  the  angle  thus  formed  is  the  com 
mencement,  on  the  east,  of  the  north  boundary  of 
Maine,  from  that  point  to  the  westernmost  head  of 
Connecticut  river.  This  line  along  the  imaginary 
high  lands,  it  will  be  perceived,  divides  the  waters  of 
the  Androscoggin,  Kennebec  and  Penobscot  from  the 
Aristook,  Alaguash,  and  Wallostook  branches  of  the 
St.  Johns,  and  deprives  the  state  of  Maine  of  nearly 
one  third  of  its  area  or  about  12,000  square  miles. — 
The  point  in  the  due  north  line  from  the  St.  Croix, 
which  the  British  affect  to  believe  is  the  north-west 
angle  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  upon  which  the  whole  mat 
ter  rests,  is  about  40  miles  from  the  source  of  the  St. 
Croix,  and  about  the  same  distance  from  the  place 
where  this  line,  in  its  prolongation,  intersects  the  St. 
Johns. 

The  manuscript  map  with  which  I  commenced  the 
preceding  remarks,  enabled  me  to  correct  the  courses 
of  all  the  streams  and  lakes  in  the  northern  part  of 
Maine,  and  also  to  add  several  others  of  considerable 


16  MEMOIR. 

importance,  which  have  never  before  appeared  on  any 
published  map  :  indeed  the  entire  face  of  the  country 
is  so  radically  altered  and  improved,  as  scarcely  to 
be  recognized  by  those  who  have  become  familiar 
with  its  former  imperfect  representations.  Several 
maps  of  this  part  of  Maine,  and  the  adjoining  portions 
of  Canada  and  New  Brunswick,  have  been  publish 
ed  in  Canada,  intended  to  illustrate  the  matter  in 
dispute  between  the  governments  of  the  United  States 
and  Great  Britain;  some  of  these  maps  have  fallen  in 
to  my  hands,  and  were  found  to  contain  the  most  re 
cent  surveys,  which  so  far  as  they  represent  the  na 
tural  features  of  the  country,  were  deemed  sufficient 
ly  accurate  for  all  the  purposes  of  a  general  map. 

The  remainder  of  the  New  England  States  have 
been  entirely  remodelled  from  the  able  map  of  Mr. 
Nathan  Hale  of  Boston,  who  actuated  by  a  spirit  of 
liberality,  promptly  complied  with  my  request  for 
permission  to  make  use  of  his  excellent  map. 

Mr.  Male's  map  is  constructed  on  Flamsteed's  pro 
jection,  on  a  scale  of  eight  miles  to  an  inch;  it  embo 
dies  much  original  information,  contains  all  the  new 
towns  which  existed  at  the  time  of  its  publication, 
and  is  in  every  point  of  view  the  best  map  extant  of 
those  states  collectively  ;  its  execution  generally 
does  credit  to  the  artist  who  engraved  the  map.  To 
Mr.  Hale  I  am  also  indebted  for  a  communication  and 
printed  report  on  the  Massachusetts  rail-road,  from 
which  the  profile  of  that  work  contained  on  the  map, 
was  constructed.  The  report  just  mentioned  was  ac- 


MEMOIR.  17 

companied  by  a  series  of  maps  and  diagrams  giving  a 
complete  topographical  view  of  the  country  traversed 
by  that  important  work. 

Most  of  the  towns  in  New  England  which  the  ex 
tension  of  manufacturing  establishments  has  brought 
into  notice,  will  be  found  on  my  map,  as  well  as  seve 
ral  others  now  first  located,  including  Lowel,  Slater- 
ville,  Pawtucket,  Burrelville,  &c. 

THE  NEW  COUNTIES 

of  New  England  consist  of  Merrimac  and  Sullivan  in 
New  Hampshire,  and  Waldo  in  Maine. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  most  important  and  extensive  work  connected 
with  this  subject,  is  the  Farmington,  Hampshire,  and 
Hampden  chain  of  canals,  designed  to  connect,  at 
some  future  period,  Long  Island  Sound  with  Lake 
Memphremagog  in  Vermont  and  Lower  Canada.  A 
considerable  portion  of  this  work,  between  New  Ha 
ven  and  the  Falls  of  White  river  in  Lebanon  N.  H. 
is  either  completed  or  in  progress.  It  commences  at 
New  Haven,  passes  along  the  valleys  of  Mill  Creek 
and  Farmington  river  and  intersects  Connecticut  river 
at  Northampton  ;  thence  it  follows  the  valley  of  that 
river  until  it  reaches  the  Falls  of  White  river,  where 
the  levelling  at  present  terminates.  From  this  point 
it  is  proposed  hereafter  to  continue  the  canal  to  Lake 
Memphremagog,  along  the  ravine  of  Pasumsick  river, 
a  distance  of  105  miles. 

2* 


18  MEMOIR. 

Length  of  the  canals  from  New  Haven  to  the  Falls 
of  White  river  205  miles,  72  locks;  rise  499  feet,  fall 
165  feet,  total  lockage  664  feet  :  elevation  of  the  Con 
necticut  at  White  river  334  feet.  General  course,  a 
little  east  of  north.  The  Blackstone  canal  from  Pro 
vidence  to  Worcester  is  the  next  in  importance;  it 
leaves  the  former  place  and  pursues  nearly  a  due  north 
course  into  the  valley  of  Pawtucket  river,  which  it 
follows  to  the  town  of  Worcester,  a  distance  of  45 
miles.  The  Middlesex  canal  in  Massachusetts,  which 
was  constructed  many  years  since,  completes  the  list 
of  important  works  of  this  kind.  It  leaves  the  Har 
bour  of  Boston,  pursues  a  north-west  course,  and  joins 
the  Merrimaca  shortdistance  above  the  flourishing  vil 
lage  of  Lowel  ;  length  27  miles — 30  feet  wide  at  top, 
20  feet  at  bottom,  3  feet  deep — rise  104  feet,  fall  32 
feet,  total  lockage  136  feet — elevation  of  the  Merri- 
mac  at  Lowel  72  feet.  Other  works  of  a  similar  na 
ture,  but  of  minor  importance,  have  been  constructed 
to  overcome  the  falls  in  the  Connecticut  and  some 
other  rivers. 

Among  the  contemplated  works  in  New  England, 
are,  1.  A  rail  road  from  Boston  to  the  Hudson  river 
opposite  Albany;  2.  A  rail  road  from  Boston  to 
Providence  in  Rhode  Island;  3.  A  canal  from  Buz 
zard's  Bay  to  Barnstable  Bay.  Some  other  works  of 
a  similar  nature,  but  of  less  importance,  are  propos 
ed;  a  notice  of  them  however  is  foreign  to  the  object 
of  this  work,  which  is  intended  to  exhibit  such  works 
only  as  are  either  completed,  in  progress,  or  likely 


MEMOIR.  19 

soon  to  be  commenced.  The  rail  road  from  Bos 
ton  to  Albany,  and  that  from  Boston  to  Providence, 
are  of  the  latter  description;  measures  having  been 
adopted  by  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts,  in  con 
junction  with  some  spirited  individuals,  to  ensure 
their  early  completion.  A  profile  of  the  Massachu 
setts  rail  road  from  Boston  to  Albany,  will  be  found 
on  the  map.  Starting  from  the  former  city,  the  road 
assumes  a  western  direction,  along  the  valley  of 
Charles  -river,  through  Watertown,  Newton,  Need- 
ham,  and  Natick,  and  passes  along  the  ravines  of  Con 
cord  river,  by  Sherburne,  Holliston,  Southboro  and 
Grafton,  to  the  town  of  Worcester;  thence  through  the 
town  of  Leinster,  and  over  Grant's  summit,  in  Spen 
cer,  into  the  valley  of  Chickapee  river,which  it  pursues 
to  Ludlovv  factory,  where  the  road  crosses  the  Chicka 
pee  and  enters  the  town  of  Springfield.  Continuing 
its  western  course  along  the  bank  of  Westfield  river, 
and  passing  through  the  towns  of  Westfield,  Russel, 
Blandford,  Chester,  and  Becket,  it  ascends  Mount 
Washington,  where  the  road  attains  its  greatest  alti 
tude,  1480  feet;  thence  it  descends  into  the  valley  of 
the  Housatonic,  through  Dalton,  to  Pittsfield.  Rising 
again  in  the  town  of  Canaan,  and  crossing  the  dividing 
ridge  between  the  waters  of  the  Housatonic  and  those 
of  the  Hudson,  it  descends  the  basin  of  the  latter, 
through  Chatham,  Kinderhook,  and  Schoodak,  and 
intersects  the  Hudson  at  Castleton  landing;  whence 
it  pursues  nearly  a  due  north  course  along  the  left 
bank  of  the  Hudson  to  Greenbush  opposite  Albany. 


20  MEMOIR. 

Length  of  the  road  from  Boston  to  the  New  York 
state  line  160  miles,  thence  to  Albany  40;  total  dis 
tance  from  Boston  to  Albany,  200  miles.  Altitude  at 
Grant's  summit  918  feet;  Connecticut,  at  Springfield, 
38;  and  at  Mount  Washington  1480  feet  above  the 
Atlantic  ocean.  General  course  W.  N.  W. 

The  road  to  Providence  leaves  Boston,  passes 
through  the  towns  of  Roxbury,  Dedham,  Walpole, 
Foxboro,  and  across  Sekonk  plain  and  cove  to  India 
bridge  in  Providence;  length  43  miles;  ascent  381! 
feet;  descent  378  feet;  difference  of  level  between 
Boston  and  Providence  3£  feet.  General  course  S.S.W. 

The  improvement  of  the  Connecticut  river,  requi 
red  charters  from  four  states  interested  in  it;  and  it 
was  only'in  the  year  1828,  that  the  necessary  powers 
were  granted,  so  that  the  actual  commencement  of 
the  work  has  been  much  delayed.  A  part  of  it,  at 
Enfield's  falls,  has  been  begun,  a  short  canal  70  feet 
wide  being  now  in  a  course  of  execution,  and  it  is 
expected,  that  ere  long,  about  90  miles  of  the  river 
will  be  improved. 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 

Is  reduced  from  the  map  of  that  state,  contained  in 
the  American  Atlas,  to  which  is  added  the  informa 
tion  afforded  by  Duy's  map  of  the  northern  part  of 
the  state;  Col.  Long's  map  of  the  projected  national 
road  from  Washington  to  Buffalo;  map  of  the  boun 
dary  made  by  the  commissioners  under  the  treaty  of 


MEMOIR.  21 

Ghent;  and  by  a  personal  inspection  of  the  country, 
between  Albany  and  the  Falls  of  Niagara,  during  a 
tour  made  for  the  purpose  in  IS27.  Many  improve 
ments  will  be  perceived  along  the  Erie  canal,  and  nu 
merous  towns  located  which  have  never  before  ap 
peared  on  any  map. 

NEW  COUNTIES. 

Counties.  Seats  of  Justice. 

Erie,  Buffalo, 

Orleans,  Albion, 

Monroe,  Rochester, 

Wayne,  Lyons, 

Livingston.  Geneseo. 

NEW  TOWNS. 

Glennville,  S.  Granville,  Lake  Pleasant  village, 
Northampton,  Cranberry,  Remsen,  Law3'ersville, 
Union,  Eddyville,  Sidney  plains,  Strasburg,  Clarks- 
ville,  Butternuts,  Newark,  Tioga  Co.,  Smithsville, 
Elmira,  formerly  Newtown,  Hornetsville,  Orshun, 
Tanessassah  (Friends'  settlement),  Franldinvillev 
Rushford,  Sinclairsville,  Westfield,  Forestville, 
Springville,  Aurora,  Erie  Co.,  Williamsville,  Tonne- 
wanta,  Pendleton,  Ransom's  grove,  Cambria,  Gaines 
ville,  Albion,  Clarkson,  Perry,  Gardous,  Portage, 
Farmer,  Oswego  Falls,  Holly,  Amber,  Sullivan,  Ta- 
berg,  Pulaski,  Wardsville,  Naples,  Adams,  Turin, 


MEMOIR. 

Oxbow,  Port  Madras,  Fordsville,  De  Kalb,  Louis 
ville,  Moira,  Salmon  R.  Keesville,  Middleport, 
Wrightsville,  Newark,  Weedsport,  Geddesburg, 
Lenox,  Vernon. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

Extensive  and  highly  important  works,  connected 
with  the  internal  improvement  of  this  state,  are  com 
pleted  and  in  active  operation,  and  some  others  are 
proposed.  The  first,  and  by  far  the  most  important, 
is  the  Erie  canal,  extending  from  Albany,  on  the  Hud 
son  river,  to  Buffalo  on  Lake  Erie.  Its  general 
course  from  Albany  is  a  little  north  of  west.  Leav 
ing  Albany  it  passes  along  the  right  banks  of  the 
Hudson  and  Mohawk,  crossing  the  latter  at  Mid- 
dletown:  following  the  left  or  north  bank  of  the 
Mohawk  about  12  miles,  it  re-crosses  that  river  over 
what  is  termed  the  "upper  aqueduct;"  pursuing  the 
south  bank  of  the  Mohawk  through  Schenectady, 
Schoharie,  Canajoharie,  and  Little  Falls  village,  it  en 
ters  the  flourishing  town  of  Utica,  108  miles,  by  the  ca 
nal,  from  Albany.  Continuing  its  course  by  Whites- 
boro,  Rome,  Lenox,  Syracuse,  Jordan,  Montezuma, 
Lyons,  Palmyra,  Pittsford,  to  Rochester  (distant  160 
miles  from  Utica),  where  it  crosses  the  Genesee  by 
a  splendid  aqueduct,  built  of  hewn  stone,  and  sup 
ported  by  eleven  arches.  From  Rochester  the  canal 
assumes  a  more  western  direction  until  it  reaches 
Lockport,  after  passing  the  towns  of  Brockport,  Al- 


MEMOIR.  23 

bion,  Middleport,  and  some  other  "ports"  of  lesser 
note;  distance  from  Rochester  to  Lockport  63  miles. 
At  Lockport,  the  canal  ascends  the  mountain  ridge, 
by  five  double  combined  locks,  each  12.4  feet  rise. 
Nine  miles  from  Lockport,  the  canal  enters  Tonne- 
wanta  creek,  at  the  little  village  of  Pendleton,  from 
which  to  Tonnewanta  village,  situated  at  the  mouth 
of  the  creek,  and  distant  from  the  former  about  10 
miles,  the  canal  is  identified  with  the  Tonnewanta. 
At  a  farther  distance  of  12  miles,  this  magnificent 
work  terminates,  at  the  town  of  Buffalo.  Entire 
length  of  the  Erie  canal  362  miles;  60  feet  wide  at 
top,  40  at  bottom,  and  4  feet  deep;  S3  locks  on  the 
main  canal;  total  lockage  6S8:  declivity  from  Buffalo 
to  Rochester  4  feet;  rise  630  feet,  fall  62  feet,  total 
rise  and  fall  692  feet.  A  profile  of  the  Erie  canal 
is  inserted  on  the  map. 

Champlaine  canal.  From  its  junction  with  the 
Erie  canal,  eight  miles  from  Albany,  the  Champlain 
canal  pursues  its  course  through  Waterford,  Still- 
water,  and  Bemus'  Heights,  along  the  right  bank 
of  the  Hudson,  to  within  three  miles  of  Fort  Mil 
ler,  where  it  takes  the  river  for  three  miles.  At 
Fort  Miller  Falls  is  a  canal  of  half  a  mile  in  length, 
and  then  again  it  takes  the  river  8  miles  to  Fort  Ed 
ward,  from  which  place  the  canal  pursues  a  north  east 
course  to  Whitehall,  after  passing  the  villages  of  San 
dy  Hill,  and  Fort  Ann.  Length  of  the  Champlain  ca 
nal  from  its  junction  with  the  Erie  canal  to  Whitehall 
63|  miles;  60  feet  wide  at  top,  40  feet  at  bottom,  4 


24  MEMOIR. 

feet  deep,  18  locks;  rise  92£,  fall  54  feet,  total  lock 
age  146i  feet:  elevation  of  Lake  Champlain  above 
the  Erie  canal,  at  the  junction,  3Si  feet. 

The  Hudson  and  Delaware  Canal  commences  at 
Eddy  ville  on  Hudson  river,  passes  the  towns  of  Kings 
ton,  Marbletown,  Mombacus,  and  Warwasing,  in  Ul 
ster  county,  along  the  valleys  of  the  Rondout,  Batten 
Kill  and  Nevisink  river,  to  Carpenter's  point  on  the 
Delaware:  general  course  from  Eddy  ville  and  Kings 
ton  to  the  Delaware,  south-west.  Length  64  miles; 
ascent  535,  descent  SO  feet,  total  lockage  615  feet. 

The  Lackawaxen  canal  is  a  prolongation  of  the  Hud 
son  and  Delaware  canal,  17  miles  of  which  is  in  the 
state  of  New  York,  and  36  miles  in  Pennsylvania, 
making  its  entire  length  from  Carpenter's  point  to 
Keen's  mill,  53  miles.  From  Carpenter's  point  along 
the  left  bank  of  the  Delaware  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Lackawaxen,  where  the  canal  crosses  the  Delaware, 
rise  148  feet  in  17  miles;  from  the  mouth  of  Lack 
awaxen  to  Keen's  mill,  rise  668  feet  in  36  miles;  total 
rise,  816  feet  in  53  miles.  The  Oswego  canal  com 
mencing  on  the  Erie  canal  near  Syracuse  in  Onondaga 
county,  passes  along  the  valley  of,  and  nearly  paral 
lel  to.  the  Onondaga  river  into  Lake  Ontario,  through 
the  villages  of  Liverpool,  Three  River  point,  Oswego 
Falls  and  Oswego,  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river; 
general  course  from  Syracuse  north-west:  length  38 
miles. 

The  Seneca  canal  connects  the  Seneca  and  Cay- 
uira  lakes  with  the  Erie  canal,  which  it  leaves  at 

O  * 


MEMOIR.  25 

Montezuma,  passing  through  Waterloo,  the  seat  of 
justice  of  Seneca  county,  and  along  Seneca  outlet,  to 
Geneva:  course  from  Montezuma,  south-west:  length 
20  miles.  All  the  above  canals  are  completed  and  in 
successful  operation.  The  following  summary  exhi 
bits  the  aggregate  length  of  canals  now  finished,  in 
the  state  of  New  York: 

Erie  canal  362  miles. 

Champlain  canal  685 
Hudson  and  Delaware  canal  65 

Lackawaxen  canal  17 

Oswego  canal  3S 

Seneca  canal  20 

Total  5651 

In  addition  to  these,  other  canals  and  rail  roads  of 
considerable  magnitude  are  projected:  among  the 
former  is  the  Chemung  canal,  which  is  intended  to 
connect  Seneca  lake  with  the  Susquehanna,  at  El- 
mira,  and  ultimately  with  the  Susquehanna  divi 
sion  of  the  Pennsylvania  canal.  A  navigable  feeder 
extending  from  the  Painted  Post  along  the  Tioga 
river,  is  also  proposed:  length  of  main  canal  from 
Salubria  to  Elmira  about  26  miles:  length  of  feeder 
25  miles. 

A  rail  road  of  about  16  miles  in  length  is  proposed 
from  Albany  to  Schenectady,  with  a  prospect  of  its 
speedy  completion.     It  is  also  intended  to  connect 
the  Erie  canal  with  Black  river  of  Lake  Ontario. 
3 


26  MEMOIR. 


STATE  OF   NEW  JERSEY. 

This  portion  of  my  map,  as  well  as  the  adjoining 
parts  of  New  York  and  Pennsylvania,  is  from  the 
able  and  scientific  map  of  Thomas  Gordon,  which  is 
projected  and  drawn  on  a  scale  of  three  miles  to  an 
inch,  and  is  exceedingly  minute  and  particular.  This 
admirable  map,  which  must  have  cost  its  author  much 
time  and  money,  was  compiled  partly  from  surveys 
made  by  Mr.  Gordon,  combined  with  others  collect 
ed  by  him  during  the  progress  of  his  work,  and  pub 
lished  in  1828.  This  as  well  as  every  other  good 
state  map  with  which  I  am  acquainted,  has  failed  to 
reimburse  the  expenditure  of  its  enterprising  author; 
the  spontaneous  sales  of  the  map,  and  the  limited  pa 
tronage  bestowed  on  it  by  the  Legislature  of  New 
Jersey,  being,  as  I  learn,  entirely  inadequate.  The 
complete  failure,  and  in  some  cases,  utter  ruin  of 
those  who  have  undertaken  the  construction  of  ori 
ginal  state  or  more  local  maps,  unaided  by  govern 
mental  patronage,  should  admonish  novices  in  such 
matters,  to  calculate  well  the  cost  before  they  attempt 
to  bring  forward  large  and  expensive  maps,  which,  if 
properly  executed,  cannot  fail  to  involve  them  in  ex 
penses  of  which  few,  who  are  not  experimentally  ac 
quainted  with  the  subject,  can  form  a  just  idea. 
State  maps,  or  indeed  local  maps  of  any  kind,  whose 
sales  must  necessarily  be  limited,  should  be  done  by 
the  public  authorities.  No  individual,  unless  he  is 


MEMO  IK.  27 

possessed  of  resources  which  place  him  above  the 
drudgery  and  labour  inseparable  from  the  faithful  exe 
cution  of  a  good  map,  should,  without  mature  consider 
ation,  undertake  the  construction  of  a  work  of  this 
sort;  he  will  either  injure  himself  in  the  attempt  to 
do  justice  to  his  subject,  or,  impelled  by  the  want 
of  Adequate  funds,  send  forth  an  imperfect  work, 
at  once  injurious  to  himself  and  discreditable  to  his 
country.  Fortunately  for  the  map  of  New  Jersey, 
its  author's  means,  (if  we  may  judge  from  the  evi 
dence  afforded  by  the  map  itself,)  were  more  ample 
than  those  of  most  others  engaged  in  similar  pursuits. 

Several  of  the  states  have  contributed  either  wholly 
or  partially,  their  aid  in  bringing  forward  authentic 
maps,  which,  as  they  present  examples  worthy  of 
imitation,  I  shall,  although  perhaps  somewhat  out  of 
place,  here  briefly  notice.  About  the  year  1806,  the 
Legislature  of  New  Hampshire  passed  an  act,  grant 
ing  to  Philip  Carrigain  five  thousand  dollars,  to  en 
able  him  to  collect  and  combine  materials  and  publish 
a  map  of  that  state.  To  this  sum  was  subsequently 
added  another,  the  amount  of  which  I  have  at  present 
no  means  of  stating,  to  relieve  him  from  some  em 
barrassments  into  which  his  zeal  in  the  prosecution  of 
his  duty  had  led  him.  He  was  thus  enabled  to  com 
plete,  satisfactorily,  a  valuable  map,  which,  without 
the  liberal  and  well-timed  interposition  of  the  legisla 
ture,  would  probably  have  remained  unfinished  to  the 
present  hour. 


28  MEMOIR. 

The  map  of  the  state  of  Maine  with  its  accom 
panying  description  and  Atlas,  by  Moses  Greenleaf,  a 
work  that  cannot  fail  to  augment  the  reputation  of  its 
scientific  author;  the  excellent  map  of  Connecticut  by 
Warren  &  Gillet,  and  that  of  the  state  of  New  York  by 
Simeon  Dewitt,  were  each  patronized  by  special  en 
actments  of  the  Legislatures  of  those  states  respective 
ly,  to  what  amount  I  cannot  state  with  precision,  but 
from  the  style  of  their  execution  I  infer  that  each  was 
liberally  sustained  by  the  proper  authorities.  The  Le 
gislature  of  Pennsylvania  in  1816  passed  an  act  requir 
ing  the  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  and  Survey 
or  general,  to  contract  with  competent  persons  for 
the  formation  of  a  map  of  each  county  of  the  state, 
with  a  view  to  the  construction  of  a  general  state  map. 
Accordingly  maps  of  the  several  counties  were  fur 
nished,  mostly  by  the  county  surveyors  ;  and  John 
Melish  was  appointed  compiler  and  publisher  of  the 
contemplated  map.  The  materials  thus  prepared 
and  furnished  by  individuals,  each  of  whom  conduct 
ed  his  own  surveys  without  regard  to  those  of  his 
neighbour,  presented  a  mass  of  discordant  and  incon 
gruous  elements,  which  set  all  the  known  rules  of 
combination  at  complete  defiance.  Such  conflicting 
materials  could  not  fail  to  embarrass  and  perplex  the 
most  experienced  draftsman.  In  uniting  these  heter 
ogeneous  elements,  it  was  necessary  in  some  cases 
to  curtail,  in  others  to  extend  their  dimensions  ;  and 
as  it  is  not  always  possible,  to  determine  on  which  to 
place  the  most  reliance,  the  consequence  will  be  that 


MEMOIR.  29 

the  relative  position  or  form  of  counties  will  in  some 
measure  be  distorted.  From  these  fruitful  sources  of 
error,  combined  with  the  entire  absence,  in  several 
of  the  county  maps,  of  the  necessary  indication  of  the 
magnetic  variation,  have  arisen  those  errors  in  some 
of  the  county  boundaries,  and  important  streams, 
which  the  recent  surveys  for  canal  purposes,  have  exr 
posed.  Without  unity  of  action  on  the  part  of  the 
surveyors;  without  the  establishment  of  general  bases 
of  any  sort,  and  without  those  other  scientific  and  ju 
dicious  arrangements  which  should  always  precede 
and  are  indispensible  in  the  commencement  of  works 
of  such  importance,  a  perfect  map  could  scarcely  be 
expected.  Liberal  appropriations  were  made  from 
time  to  time  by  the  Legislature,  during  the  progress 
of  this  work,  which  including  every  expense  attend 
ing  its  execution  and  publication,  amounted  to  nearly 
$70,000.  By  a  late  resolution  of  the  Legislature  the 
agents  for  the  sale  of  the  map  were  directed  to  re 
duce  its  price  from  $12.  to  $5,  at  which  it  is  now 
sold.  This  measure,  while  it  displays  a  liberal  policy 
on  the  part  of  the  Legislature,  is  calculated  to  injure 
those  who  are  engaged  in  the  publication  of  similar 
works  and  dependent  on  their  individual  resources 
only,  by  fostering  the  idea  that  maps  can  be  furnished 
at  prices  far  below  what  are  usually  charged  for  them. 
Persons  who  argue  thus  forget  that  the  entire  ex 
penses  of  the  state  map  were  defrayed  from  the  funds 
of  the  state,  and  perhaps  are  unaware  that  the  com 
monwealth  actually  sustains  a  loss  on  every  copy  of 
3* 


30  MEMOIR. 

the  map  that  is  now  sold,  the  costs  of  transportation, 
commission  and  other  incidental  expenses  being  paid 
out  of  the  state  treasury.  It  is  therefore  obvious  that 
a  general  diffusion  of  geographical  information,  and 
not  profit,  was  the  object  of  those  who  promoted  the 
publication  of  this  costly  map. 

A  copy  of  the  state  map  has  been  presented  by 
order  of  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  to  each 
state  of  the  Union,  and  a  similar  course  has  been 
adopted  by  the  Legislature  of  New  Jersey. 

The  next  work  of  importance  is  the  splendid  map 
of  Virginia,  projected  on  the  most  scientific  princi 
ples,  and  drawn  on  a  scale  of  five  miles  to  an  inch 
by  Herman  Boye.  The  surveys  used  in  this  map 
were  made  expressly  for  the  purpose,  in  conformity 
to  an  act  of  the  Legislature,  under  the  direction,  in 
the  first  instance,  of  John  Wood,  at  whose  decease 
the  general  superintendence  of  the  map,  was  assumed 
by  Mr.  Boye,  a  gentleman  every  way  qualified  to  do 
ample  justice  to  the  work;  under  whose  direction  the 
surveys  were  continued  and  completed.  A  second 
map  projected  on  a  scale  of  ten  miles  to  an  inch  was 
also  prepared  by  Mr.  Boye,  which  together  with 
the  nine-sheet  map  just  mentioned,  was  published  in 
1828.  The  entire  expense  to  the  state  of  these  valu 
able  and  highly  important  works  exceeds  $80,000,  a 
sum  which  no  efforts  on  the  part  of  the  publisher  can 
ever  reimburse.  Nor  is  it  expected,  the  object  like 
that  of  Pennsylvania,  being  to  disseminate  a  correct 
knowledge  of  the  state. 


MEMOIR.  31 

The  Legislature  of  South  Carolina,  in  imitation  of 
these  laudable  examples,  has  produced  a  map  of  the 
state,  that  must  confer  lasting  honour  on  the  promot 
ers  of  the  work  as  well  as  the  state  at  large.  It  is 
drawn  on  a  scale  of  six  miles  to  an  inch,  by  John 
Wilson,  late  civil  Engineer  of  South  Carolina,  and 
well  known  in  Pennsylvania  as  the  scientific  and  ac 
complished  engineer  of  the  Philadelphia  and  Colum 
bia  Rail  Road.  Celestial  observations  were  taken 
preparatory  to  the  execution  of  this  map,  which,  to 
gether  with  the  surveys,  engraving,  &c.  cost  the  state 
upwards  of  $90,000.  These  are  the  principal  cases 
in  which  maps  have  been  produced  under  legislative 
patronage.  Others  however,  of  a  more  humble  cha 
racter,  might  be  cited,  but  enough  has  been  done  to 
convince  those  who  are  unacquainted  with  the  diffi 
culties  and  expenses  incident  to  the  construction  of 
original  maps,  that  good  works  of  this  description, 
cannot  be  produced  without  great  expense  of  time 
and  money. 

Warren  is  the  only  new  county  erected  in  New 
Jersey  within  the  last  few  years.  Belvedere  is  the 
seat  of  justice. 

NEW  TOWNS. 

Augusta,  Stilhvater,  Alamuche,  Newtown,  War 
ren  Co.,  Pittstovvn,  Columbus,  Pemberton,  Crop- 
well,  Absecum,  Smithville,  Washington,  Burlington 


32  MEMOIR. 

Co.,  Williamsville,  Tom's  river,   Prospertown,  N. 
Prospect,  Boardville. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

Many  efforts  have  been  made  by  the  friends  of  in 
ternal  improvement,  to  infuse  into  the  legislature  of 
this  state  some  of  the  spirit  of  improvement  which 
animates  her  sister  states;  hitherto,  however,  they 
may  claim  the  rare  merit  of  having  manfully  and  suc 
cessfully  resisted  its  approaches.  Except  in  the  sin 
gle  instance  of  the  Morris  canal,  which  is  the  work 
of  a  joint  stock  company,  no  canal  or  other  work 
of  consequence  is  to  be  found  in  the  state  of  New 
Jersey.  Abortive  attempts  to  construct  a  canal  from 
the  Delaware  to  the  Raritan  have  been  made  from 
time  to  time,  but  from  the  operation  of  local  interests 
or  some  other  cause,  the  commencement  of  this  im 
portant  link  in  the  great  chain  of  inter-communication 
has  been  so  often  deferred,  that  all  hope  of  its  speedy 
execution  has  become  nearly  extinct.  Even  the  route 
of  this  necessary  work  remains  undecided  up  to  the 
present  moment.  Surveys  have  been  made,  and  the 
practicability  of  its  execution  fully  and  satisfactorily 
demonstrated. 

It  only  remains  with  the  legislature  to  sanction  the 
work,  and  ample  funds  can,  no  doubt,  be  procured. 
In  deciding  on"  the  route  and  dimensions  of  a  canal 
which  must  form  an  important  part  of  the  exten 
sive  system  which  will  ultimately  embrace  within  its 


MEMOIR.  33 

lines,  the  entire  region  of  the  organized  states,  all 
consideration  of  individual  interest  should  be  entirely 
disregarded.  It  is  emphatically  a  national  work,  and 
as  such  should  be  located  and  constructed,  with  spe 
cial  reference  to  those  national  uses,  from  which  its 
revenue  must  in  a  great  measure  be  derived,  and  upon 
which  its  success  will  mainly  depend.  Viewed  in 
this  light,  the  shortest  practicable  route  should  be 
adopted  for  the  canal,  and  its  capacity  rendered  fully 
adequate  to  all  the  purposes  of  such  a  work.  If  the  ca 
nal  be  thus  completed,  its  advantages  and  consequent 
revenues,  in  the  event  of  war  more  especially,  must  be 
incalculable.  But  if,  like  most  other  works  of  the  kind, 
it  is  to  yield  to  every  local  interest,  or  made  subservi 
ent  to  views  of  individual  aggrandizement,  and  its 
length  thus  unduly  extended,  its  capacity  circum 
scribed,  and  its  usefulness  limited  to  the  mere  wants 
of  its  immediate  vicinity,  by  false  notions  of  econo 
my,  the  proprietors  will  look  in  vain  for  such  an  ade 
quate  interest  on  their  investments,  as  under  a  more 
liberal  and  enlightened  policy,  they  would  have  a 
just  right  to  expect.  Two  routes  for  such  a  canal  have 
been  reported  by  engineers  employed  for  the  pur 
pose;  the  first  is  proposed  to  commence  at  Lamber- 
ton,  and  pursuing  a  line  nearly  parallel  to  and  from 
5  to  li  miles  south  of  the  direct  turnpike  road  leading 
from  Trenton  to  New  Brunswick,  terminates  at  the 
steamboat  wharf  below  the  latter  city;  length  2  9  miles, 
summit  level  (27  miles  in  length)  65  feet  above  the 
ordinary  flood  tide;  surveyed  by  J,  Randall, 


54  MEMOIR. 

No.  2.  commences  on  the  Delaware  below  Lam- 
berton,  and  thence  passes  through  Trenton,  the  Law 
rence  meadows,  and  along  the  valleys  of  Stoney 
brook,  and  Millstone  river,  to  a  point  near  the  junc 
tion  of  the  latter  with  the  Raritan,  and  thence  along 
the  valley  of  the  Raritan  river  to  New  Brunswick: 
length  41  miles,  summit  level  48  feet;  recommended 
by  Messrs.  Wright,  White,  and  Beach.  To  these 
another  is  added: 

No.  3.  commencing  in  the  vicinity  of  Bordentown, 
and  passing  through  or  near  the  villages  of  Sand  Hills, 
Centreville,  Hightstown,  Cranberry,  and  along  the 
valleys  of  Manalapan  and  South  river  to  Washing 
ton,  where  a  canal  of  one  mile  connects  the  latter  with 
the  Raritan.  This  route,  unless  it  should  appear,  af 
ter  a  careful  examination  of  the  ground,  that  the  ne 
cessary  lockage  would  greatly  exceed  that  of  the 
preceding  route,  is  for  national  purposes  decidedly 
the  most  elegible  in  every  point  of  view:  its  actual 
length  would  not  exceed  that  of  No.  1.;  it  would  be 
12  miles  less  than  No.  2.,  and  would  avoid  the  diffi 
cult  navigation  of  the  Delaware  from  Bordentown  to 
Trenton,  and  also  that  from  Brunswick  to  the  point 
of  union  of  the  Washington  canal  with  the  Raritan. 
A  single  glance  at  this  part  of  the  map  will  elucidate 
more  fully  the  proposed  route.  The  advantage  in 
regard  to  the  distance  from  Philadelphia  to  New 
York,  as  well  as  the  saving  of  time  consumed  in  a 
circuitous  navigation,  will  be  rendered  more  apparent 
by  the  following  comparative  view: 


MEMOIR. 


35 


First  Route. 

Miles. 

From  Bordentown 
to  Lamberton,     5 
Brunswick,        29 

Washington  canal  6 

40 


Second  or 
Millstone  Route. 

Miles. 

Bordentown 
to  Lamberton,     5 
Brunswick,        41 

Washington  canal  6 

52 


Third  Route. 

Miles. 

Bordentown  to 
Washington 
Canal,  29 


Thus  we  perceive  that  the  first  route  is  11  miles, 
and  the  second,  or  Millstone  route,  is  S3  miles  longer 
than  No.  3.,  or  nearly  double  the  length  of  the  direct 
line  from  Bordentown  to  the  Raritan. 

The  time  consumed  in  navigating 

No.  1.  will  be  about  13  hours. 
No.  2.  17 

No.  3.  9i 

From  these  elements  we  find  that  a  person  navi 
gating  No.  3.  will  reach  his  place  of  destination  7| 
hours  earlier  than  by  No.  2.,  and  that  the  entire 
transit  from  one  of  the  assumed  points  to  the  other, 
may  be  accomplished,  by  that  route,  at  all  seasons,  by 
day  light.  These  considerations,  taken  in  connexion 
with  the  disadvantages,  which  every  where  attend 
circuitous  and  tedious  canal  routes,  and  which  will  be 
encountered  and  perpetuated  in  the  present  instance, 
by  an  injudicious  location  of  the  proposed  work, 
should  induce  those  who  may  be  entrusted  with  its 
execution,  to  select  the  shortest  practicable  route,  as 
the  one  best  calculated  to  accomplish  all  the  objects 
of  its  construction. 


36  MEMOIR. 

The  Morris  canal,  above  mentioned,  is  progressing 
slowly  towards  completion.  It  commences  at  Jersey 
city,  opposite  New  York,  pursues  a  circuitous  route 
through  the  Bergen  marshes,  and  crossing  the  Hack- 
ensack  and  Passaic  rivers  a  short  distance  above  their 
discharge  into  Newark  bay,  enters  the  flourishing 
town  of  Newark.  Here  the  canal  assumes  a  course 
nearly  north,  which  it  maintains  to  Paterson,  passing 
the  village  of  Bloomfield.  After  leaving  Paterson, 
its  course  is  nearly  south-west  to  the  Little  Falls  of 
Passaic,  where  it  crosses  that  river,  and  thence  pur 
sues  a  more  western  direction,  through  the  little  town 
of  Powerville  into  Rockaway  valley;  still  continuing 
its  western  course  along  the  valley  of  the  Rockaway, 
until  it  enters  the  township  of  Roxbury,  it  ascends 
the  summit  level  two  miles  north-west  from  Drakes- 
vine.  From  the  summit  at  Hopatcong  pond,  the 
canal  is  carried  along  the  left  bank  of  Musconetcong 
river,  which  it  crosses  one  and  a  half  miles  south- 
west  from  Andover  Forge;  thence  assuming  a  south 
west  direction,  it  passes  near  the  villages  of  Hackets- 
town,  Beatystown,  Anderson,  Mansfield,  Broadway, 
and  New  Village,  and  terminates  on  the  Delaware  at 
Philipsburg,  opposite  Easton.  General  course  from 
New  York  to  Easton,  west:  length  100  miles;  ascent 
915,  descent  754  feet,  total  rise  and  fall  1669  feet, 
overcome  by  locks  and  inclined  planes.  Elevation  of 
Easton  161,  and  summit  level  915  feet  above  the  At 
lantic. 


MEMOIR,  37 

STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

This  section  is  compiled  from  the  map  of  Pennsyl 
vania  contained  in  the  New  American  Atlas,  which 
was  drawn  from  the  state  map,  by  special  permission  of 
the  Legislature,  No  changes  of  county  lines  nor  any 
new  counties  have  been  recently  made  in  this  state. 
A  few  new  towns  have  been  inserted. 

The  positions  of  Philadelphia  and  New  York  as 
deduced  from  the  results  of  several  observers,  by 
Mr.  Thomas  Gordon,  preparatory  to  the  construc 
tion  of  his  able  map  of  New  Jersey,  were  adopted 
by  me  in  adjusting  the  corresponding  points  on  my 
map.  These  observations  being  considered  of  prima 
ry  importance  in  connecting  the  topographical  detail, 
and  as  it  is  probable  that  no  other  document  exists 
which  combines  so  many  results,  I  was  induced  to 
depart  from  my  plan  of  excluding  elementary  and 
technical  matter,  by  giving  them  in  extenso,  as  fol 
lows  : — 

PHILADELPHIA. 
(Centre  of  the  State-House  Square.) 
Latitude.    Longitude. 

o     /     //         o     /    // 

39  56  54    75    8  45     D.Rittenhouse,1769,  Am.  Phil.  Tr.  i.  p.  21 

39  56  55  D.  Williamson,  1769,         do.  52 

75    8  30     O.  Swing-,  do, 

75    845  do.  53 

39  56  30     75    9  15     A.  Ellicott,  do.  67 

75    9  15         Smith,  1770,         do.  118 

39  56  55     75  11  30  Edinburgh  Encyclopaedia. 

39  57  02     75    9  15     De  Ferrer,         1806,  Am.  Phil.  Tr.  vi.  297 

75  li  do,  1808,         do.  355 

75  10  06  do.  ,    1808,         do.  359 

39  56  51     75  10  05     Mean. 


33  MEMOIR. 

Latitude.    Longitude. 

o     /     //        o     /     // 
39  56  55    75    9  00  assumed  as  correct,  ,v  ,  . 

39  57  00     75    9  00  for  the  State-House— 

76  55  30  Lambert — for  Washington. 

1  46  30  E.  of  Washington. 

NEW- YORK. 

40  42  06     74  00  45     Batterv.       Am.  Phil.  Trans,  vol.  vi.  p.  158., 


40  42  40 

40  42  40 

40  42  55 
40  40     • 

40  42  45 
40  42  43 

40  42  45 
40  42  40 

74,00  45 
74  00  45 
74  00  45 

73  58  37 
74  00  00 
73  59  46 
74    3  27 
74    321 

74  00  45 

St.  Pauls.  De  Ferrer,  1806.     do.            269 
by  Solar  Eclipse,  1806.     Bowditch. 
De  Ferrer,  1808.     Phil.  Trans,  vol.  vi.  360 
City  Hall,  Survey  or-Genl.  1809. 
Edin.  Encyclopaedia. 
City  Hall.     Nash,  1817.     Diary,  1820. 
do.           J.  Beach,  1817. 
Columbia  College,  Renwick  8c  Sabine. 
do.        Renwick,  Sol.  eclipse,  1823. 

Assumed  — 
for  St.  Paul's, 

76  55  30     for  Washing-ton— Hence 


2  54  45     St.  Paul's  E.  of  Washington,  and 
39  57  00       1  46  30     State-House,  Philada. 

0  45  40       1815     Difference,  which  by  Sp.  Trig,  gives  79.71 
miles. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

With  respect  to  this  subject  our  maps  have  under 
gone  great  changes  within  the  last  five  years.  During 
this  period,  most  of  the  state  works  have  been  com 
menced  and  partially  completed;  they  consist  of: 
No.  1.  The  Transverse  Division  of  the  Pennsylvania 


MEMOIR.  39 

Canal  ;  No.  2.  Susquehanna  or  Middle  Division;  No. 
S.  West  Branch  Division;  No.  4.  Delaware  or  East 
ern  Division  ;  No.  .5.  Pittsburg  and  Erie  or  Western 
Division  ;  No.  6.  Columbia  Rail  Road.  The  follow 
ing  are  the  works  belonging  to  joint  stock  companies; 
No.  7.  Schuylkill  Navigation;  No.  8.  Union  Canal; 
No.  9.  Lehigh  Navigation  and  Mauch  Chunk  Rail 
Road  ;  No.  10.  Lackawaxen  Canal  and  Rail  Road  ; 
No.  11.  Conestoga  Canal.  Besides  these  a  consider 
able  portion  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal  is 
proposed  to  pass  through  the  south-western  part  of 
this  state. 

No.  1.  Transv erse  Division  of  the  Pennsylvania 
Canal  and  Portage  commences  at  Columbia,  on  the 
east  bank  of  the  Susquehanna;  following  that  bank 
and  passing  through  the  villages  of  May  town,  Bain- 
bridge,  and  Falmouth,  intersects  the  Union  Canal  at 
Middletown  ;  thence  it  continues  along  the  east  bank 
of  the  Susquehanna,  through  Highspiretown  and  Har- 
risburg  to  Duncan's  Island,  at  the  head  of  which  the 
canal  crosses  the  Susquehanna,  and  enters  the  valley 
of  the  Juniata,  which  it  pursues  mostly  along  its 
north  or  left  bank,  and  passing  Millerstown,  Mexico, 
Mifflin,  Lewistown,  Huntingdon  and  Petersburg,  ter 
minates  at  Frankstown,  where  it  is  probable  the  Rail 
Road  across  the  Allegheny  Mountain  will  com 
mence.  In  its  course  from  Frankstown  to  Johnstown 
a  distance  of  about  40  miles,  the  Rail  Road  attains 
an  altitude  of  nearly  2300  feet  above  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  At  Johnstown  the  canal  is  resumed  and  fol- 


40  MEMOIR. 

lows  the  valley  of  the  Conemaugh  or  Kiskiminitas, 
through  the  towns  of  Blairsville,  Saltzburg,  &c.  to  the 
Allegheny,  which  is  crossed  a  few  miles  above  Free- 
port.  From  the  mouth  of  the  Kiskiminitas  to  the  town 
of  Allegheny  opposite  Pittsburg,  the  canal  extends 
along  the  right  or  west  bank  of  the  Allegheny,  crosses 
the  latter  at  Washington  street,  and  passing  through 
the  city  of  Pittsburg  by  the  ravine  of  Suke's  Run,  en 
ters  the  Monongahela  a  short  distance  above  its  junc 
tion  with  the  Allegheny  :  general  course  west-north 
west.  Length  from  Columbia  to  Pittsburgh  322  miles. 
Ascent  to  Frankstown  910  feet  j  to  summit  of  rail  road, 
1381  feet;  total  ascent  2291  feet:  descent  from  sum 
mit  to  Johnstown  1137  feet;  to  Pittsburg  476  feet; 
total  descent  1613  feet:  entire  ascent  and  descent 
3904  feet. 

No.  2.  Susquehanna  or  Middle  Division,  com 
mences  at  the  head  of  Duncan's  Island,  passes  along 
the  west  bank  of  Susquehanna,  by  Liverpool,  Selin's 
Grove,  &c.  and  unites  with  the  West  Branch  canal  at 
Northumberland.  Distance  from  Duncan's  Island  to 
Northumberland  39  miles ;  ascent  86  feet.  From 
Northumberland  by  Danville,  Bloomsbury,  Berwick, 
Wilkesbarre,  Tunkhannock  and  Towanda  to  the  New 
York  state  line  above  Tioga  point;  distance  165  miles, 
ascent  337  feet.  Entire  length  from  Duncan's  Island 
to  Tioga  point  204  miles;  ascent  423  feet. 

No.  3.  West  Branch  Division  commences  at  Nor 
thumberland,  passes  along  the  left  bank  of  the  west 
branch  of  Susquehanna,  through  Milton,  Pennsboro, 


MEMOIR.  41 

Williamsport,and  Jersey  Shore  to  Dunnstown,  beyond 
which  its  location  has  not  been  extended.  Length 
from  Northumberland  to  Dunnstown,  70  miles ;  as* 
cent  109  feet. 

No.  4.  Delaware,  or  Eastern  Division  com 
mences  at  Bristol  on  the  Delaware,  18  miles  above 
Philadelphia  ;  crosses  by  a  pretty  direct  route,  the 
neck  formed  by  the  great  bend  of  the  Delaware,  to 
Morris  ville;  thence  it  follows  the  west  bank  of  Dela 
ware  river,  through  Yardley ville,  Brownsburg,  New 
Hope,  Lumberville,  and  Monroe,  and  unites  with  the 
Lehigh  Company's  works  at  Easton.  Length  from 
Bristol  to  Easton  60  miles  ;  ascent  170  feet,  general 
course  north-north-west. 

No.  5.  Pittsburg  and  Erie  or  Western  Division 
is  intended  to  unite  the  Ohio  river  at  Pittsburg  with 
Lake  Erie  at  the  town  of  Erie:  very  little  progress 
has  as  yet  been  made  in  this  work,  about  8  miles  of 
the  main  trunk,  and  a  feeder  of  10  or  12  miles  in 
length  being  all  that  is  completed.  The  route  of  the 
remaining  part  is  not  yet  determined.  Distance  from 
Pittsburg  to  Erie  168  miles  ;  ascent  and  descent  85,2 
feet;  general  course  nearly  due  north. 

No.  6.  Columbia  Rail  Road  commences  at  Phila 
delphia,  crosses  the  Schuylkill  above  the  village  of 
Mantua,  passes  Paoli,  Downingstown,  Coatsville,  Lan 
caster,  and  Mount  Pleasant  to  Columbia  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna,  where  it  joins  the  Pennsylvania  canal  : 
length  from  Philadelphia  to  Columbia  S3£  miles, great 
est  altitude  599  feet ;  elevation  of  Columbia  above  the 


4.2  MEMOIR. 

Atlantic  Ocean  226  feet  ;  general  course  nearly  west. 
Twenty  miles  at  each  end  of  this  work  are  under  con 
tract  and  now  in  course  of  execution. 

All  the  preceding  works  are  the  property  of  the 
state,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  western  division,, 
are  either  completed,  in  progress,  or  under  contract. 
Entire  length  of  the  above. 

Transverse  or  Columbia  and  Pitts- 
burg  division,  322  miles. 
•Susquehanna  or  Middle  division,  204 
West  Branch  division,  70 
Delaware  or  Eastern  division,  60 
Western  division,  as  far  as  com 
pleted,  20 
Columbia  rail  road,.  S3i 

Total,  759i  miles. 

No.  7.  Schuylkill  Navigation,  consisting  of  pools 
and  canals,  commencing  at  Philadelphia,  passes 
through  Manayunk,  Norristown,  Pottstown,  Read 
ing,  Hamburg,  and  Pottsville,  and  extends  to  Port 
Carbon,  at  the  junction  of  Mill  creek  with  the 
Schuylkill;  length  from  Philadelphia  to  Port  Carbon 
114  miles;  125  locks,  each  lift  locks,  17  by  80  feet; 
ascent  620  feet;  canal  36  feet  wide  at  top,  24  at 
bottom,  3  feet  deep.  General  course  north-west^ 
average  ascent  5.64  feet  per  mile. 

No.  8.  Union  Canal,  extends  from  the  Schuylkill 
to  the  Susquehanna;  it  leaves  the  former  at  a  point  two 


MEMOIR.  43 

or  three  miles  below  Reading,  passes  along  the  val 
leys  of  the  Tulpehocken  and  Swatara,  and  through 
Bernville,  Womelsdorf,  Myerstown,  Lebanon,  and 
Hummelstown,  to  Middletown,  on  the  Susquehanna: 
length  from  Reading  to  Middletown  80  miles,  36  feet 
wide  at  top,  24  at  bottom,  4  feet  deep;  ascent  311 
feet  descent  192  feet,  95  locks,  each  8|  feet  wide 
and  75  feet  long;  entire  lockage  480  feet.  A  naviga 
ble  feeder  has  been  constructed,  which  leaves  the 
Union  canal  at  its  junction  with  the  Swatara,  and 
follows  the  valley  of  that  stream  to  Pine  Grove,  a  dis 
tance  of  about  23  miles  in  a  north  north-east  direction. 

No.  9.  Lehigh  Navigation,  consisting  of  37  miles 
of  canals,  and  10  miles  of  slack  water  pools:  com 
mences  at  Easton  at  the  mouth  of  the  Lehigh,  passes 
along  its  valley,  and  through  Bethlehem,  Allentown, 
Lehigh  Water  Gap,  and  Lehighton,  to  Mauch  Chunk, 
and  there  unites  with  the  rail  road  leading  to  the  coal 
mines:  length  of  canals  and  pools  47,  rail  road  9 
miles,  total  56  miles:  width  of  canals  at  top  60,  at 
bottom  45  feet,  depth  of  water  5  feet;  ascent  from 
Easton  to  Mauch  Chunk  364  feet;  57  locks  including 
lift  and  guard  locks,  8  dams,  locks  each  22  feet  wide 
and  100  feet  long:  general  course  north-west.  The 
improvements  in  the  Lehigh  river,  above  Mauch 
Chunk,  are  for  a  descending  navigation  only. 

No.  10.  Lackawaxtn  Canal  and  Rail  Road.  That 
portion  of  the  Lackawaxen  canal,  which  is  in  Penn 
sylvania,  commences  on  the  Delaware  at  the  mouth 
of  Lackawaxen  creek,  passes  up  its  valley  to  a  point 


44  MEMOIR. 

about  2i  miles  south  of  Bethany,  where  it  unites  with 
the  rail  road,  leading  to  the  coal  mines,  at  Lacka- 
wannock  mountains:  length  from  the  Delaware  to  its 
junction  with  the  rail  road,  about  24  miles,  length  of 
rail  road  9  niles,  total  33  miles;  general  course  west 
north-west.  (See  New  York  canals.) 

No.  11.  Conestoga  Canal  opens  a  navigable  chan 
nel  from  the  city  of  Lancaster  to  the  Susquehanna: 
length  18  miles;  general  course  from  Lancaster,  south 
west. 

No.  12.  is  that  portion  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio 
Canal,  which  traverses  the  south- west  section  of  Penn 
sylvania,  commencing  on  the  state  line  at  its  inter 
section  with  Wills  creek:  the  canal  is  intended  to 
pass  along  the  valley  and  to  the  head  water  of  that 
creek;  thence  passing  the  Alleghany  mountain  by  a 
tunnel  of  rather  more  than  four  miles  in  length,  it 
enters  the  valley  of  Casselmans  river,  which  it  pur 
sues  to  its  junction  with  the  Youghiogeny.  At 
this  point  the  canal  assumes  a  course  towards  the 
north-west,  along  the  valley  of  the  latter  river, 
whicl,  is  maintained  until  it  intersects  the  Mononga- 
hela  valley,  about  20  miles  above  Pittsburg,  where 
the  canal  '**  to  terminate:  length  of  the  Pennsylvania 
section  from  the  state  line  at  Wills  creek  to  Pitts- 
burg,  151  miles.  (For  the  entire  length,  ascent,  de 
scent,  &c.  of  this  canal,  see  Internal  Improvements, 
under  article  Maryland,  &c.J 


MEMOIR.  45 

Aggregate  length  of  canals  and  rail  roads  in  Penn 
sylvania,  either  completed  or  in  progress. 

State  works  as  above,  759|  miles. 

Schuylkill  navigation,  114 

Union  canal,  80 

Pine  Grove  canal,  23 

Lehigh  navigation,  and  Mauch  Chunk 

rail  road,  56 

Pennsylvania  section  of  the  Lackawax- 

en  canal  and  rail  road,  33 

Conestoga  canal,  18 

Chesapeake  and  Ohio  canal,  (Pa.  sec 
tion,)  151 

Total,  1234i  miles, 

CONTEMPLATED  WORKS, 

A  canal  from  Pittsburg  along  the  Ohio,  Beavery 
Mahoning  and  Cuyahoga  rivers,  to  intersect  with  the 
Portage  summit  of  the  Ohio  canal.  A  canal  from 
the  coal  mines  of  Tioga  county  along  the  Tioga,  to 
intersect  with  western  feeder  of  the  Chemung  canal, 
at  Painted  Post.  A  canal  from  Easton  along  the  west 
bank  of  the  Delaware  to  Carpenters  Point,  where  the 
Hudson  and  Delaware  canal  enters  with  the  Lacka- 
waxen  canal.  These  works,  it  is  probable,  will  be 
constructed  at  some  convenient  season,  especially  that 
first  mentioned,  the  importance  of  which  cannot  be 
too  often  pressed  upon  the  people  of  Pennsylvania, 


46  MEMOIR. 

Other  works  are  in   contemplation,  but  the  prospect 
of  their  speedy  execution  is  exceedingly  slender."* 

STATES  OF  MARYLAND  AND  DELAWARE. 

The  Maryland  section  of  my  map  was  reduced 
from  the  American  Atlas,  with  the  addition  of  a  few 
new  towns,  &c.  The  state  of  Delaware  is  entirely 
from  new  materials,  which  were  collected  and  very 
liberally  communicated  by  Mr.  Gordon,  the  author 
of  the  map  of  New  Jersey  noticed  above.  Great 
changes  will  be  observed  in  the  configuration  of  Dela 
ware  Bay,  which  assumes  an  appearance  widely  dif 
ferent  from  its  representation  in  all  other  maps  or 
charts.  It  is  drawn  from  actual  surveys  made  both 
in  Delaware  and  New  Jersey  and  therefore  deserves 
the  utmost  confidence.  The  site  of  the  Breakwater 
now  constructing  near  Cape  Henlopen,  will  be  found 
in  the  map.  There  are  no  new  counties  in  these  states, 
and  but  few  new  towns 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 
Extensive  and  highly  important  wrorks  connected 

*  The  attention  of  the  public  has  lately  been  invited  by  an  inge 
nious  writer  of  New  York,  to  a  Great  Rail  Road  by  which  he  pro 
poses  to  connect  the  canals  and  navigable  waters  of  the  states 
of  New  York,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Indiana,  Illinois,  &c.  and  in 
direct  reference  to  which  he  suggests  the  propriety  of  construct 
ing  all  future  improvements  of  this  nature,  coming  within  the 
range  of  this  stupendous  work. 

The  proposition  is  new,  and  deserves  the  favourable  consider 
ation  of  the  community. 


MEMOIR.  47 

with  this  subject  are  now  in  active  progress  ;  they 
consist  of  the  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal,  designed 
to  connect  the  Potomac  at  Georgetown  with  the  Ohio 
at  Pittsburg.  After  leaving  Georgetown,  the  canal 
pursues  the  valley  of  the  Potomac,  along  its  eastern 
or  left  bank,  and  passes  through  the  towns  of  Harpers 
Ferry,  Will iamsport,  Hancock  and  Old  Town,  to  Cum 
berland  ;  thence  it  follows  the  valleys  of  Wills  Creek, 
Casselmans,  Youghiogeny,  and  Monongahela  rivers, 
through  Connelsville  and  M'Keesport,  to  Pittsburg 
in  Pennsylvania.  Distance  from  Georgetown  to  the 
Pennsylvania  state  line  at  its  intersection  with  Wills 
Creek,  189  miles.  From  that  point  to  Pittsburg  151 
miles.  Entire  length  of  the  canal  from  Georgetown 
to  Pittsburg  340  miles — 48  feet  wide  at  top,  33  at 
bottom,  5  feet  deep :  240  locks  between  Georgetown 
and  Tunnel,  158  between  Tunnel  and  Pittsburg;  total 
number  of  locks,  398.  Ascent  1898,  descent  1255 
feet,  entire  lockage  3153  feet ;  1  tunnel  of  4  miles  SO 
yards  in  length;  elevation  of  Pittsburg  678  feet;  gene 
ral  course,  north-west.  A  profile  of  this  work  is  in 
serted  in  the  map  ;  a  part  of  the  eastern  section  is 
now  in  progress. 

No.  2.  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail  Road  commences 
at  Baltimore,  passes  along  the  valley  of  the  Patapsco 
by  Parr's  spring  to  the  point  of  rocks,  beyond  which 
its  course  is  not  yet  traced.  As  the  location  of  this 
work  is  not  yet  decided,  beyond  the  point  of  rocks 
(about  65  miles  from  Baltimore),  its  course  cannot  be 
defined.  It  is  probable  that  the  road  will  pursue 


MEMOIR. 

the  route  of  the  Ohio  and  Chesapeake  canal,  as  far  as 
Cumberland,  but  as  to  its  course  beyond  this,  and  re 
garding  its  point  of  intersection  with  the  Ohio,  I  am 
entirely  in  the  dark.  It  was  my  intention  to  con 
struct  a  diagram,  representing  in  profile,  this  interest 
ing  and  important  work  in  its  entire  course;  but  the 
failure  of  those  upon  whom  I  depended  for  the  requi 
site  data,  to  comply  with  my  requests,  has  prevented 
that  full  view  of  it  which  I  was  desirous  of  giving. 

No.  3.  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal,  com 
mences  at  Delaware  city,  on  the  Delaware  river, 
about  six  miles  below  Newcastle,  passes  through  St. 
George's  meadows  and  mill  pond,  and  along  the  ravine 
of  Broad  creek,  into  Bush  creek,  a  tributary  of  Elk 
river,  which  empties  itself  into  Chesapeake  bay: 
length  of  the  canal  from  Delaware  city  to  its  inter 
section  with  Bush  creek,  14  miles;  60  feet  wide  at 
top,  36  at  bottom,  8  feet  deep,  2  lift  and  2  tide  locks. 

No.  4.  is  a  canal  of  nine  miles  in  length,  designed 
to  overcome  the  rapids  of  the  Susquehanna,  near  Port 
Deposit. 

CONTEMPLATED  IMPROVEMENTS. 

A  rail  road  from  Newcastle  to  Frenchtown;  a  rail 
road  from  Baltimore  to  the  Susquehanna;  and  a  rail 
road  from  Baltimore  to  Washington  city. 

STATE  OF  VIRGINIA. 

That  portion  of  my  map  which  comprehends  the 
entire  state  of  Virginia  and  the  adjoining  parts  of  Ma- 


MEMOIR.  49 

ryland,  Pennsylvania,  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee  and 
the  two  Carolinas,  was  taken  from  the  large  map  of 
Virginia,  by  Mr.  H.  Boye,  recently  published,  in 
conformity  to  an  act  of  the  legislature  of  Virginia. 
The  whole  of  this  space  will  be  found  very  different 
from  former  representations.  I  deemed  myself  par 
ticularly  fortunate  in  having  the  means  of  rectifying 
those  glaring  errors  which  the  new  map  has  exposed, 
and  which  have  hitherto  disfigured  all  our  maps  of 
this  important  state. 

Great  attention  has  evidently  been  given,  by  the 
author  of  this  excellent  map,  to  the  geographical  land 
marks.  No  less  than  forty-seven  points  for  latitude, 
and  eighteen  for  longitude,  have  been  fixed  in  the 
state  of  Virginia;  and  the  positions  of  several  conspi 
cuous  places  have  been  newly  rectified  or  verified  by 
celestial  observations,  which  give  to  the  state  a  form 
and  extent  essentially  different  from  the  old  maps. 
It  will  be  perceived,  that  the  southern  boundary  of 
the  state  is  much  farther  north  than  was  generally 
supposed,  and  of  course  its  superficies  greatly  dimi 
nished,  and  those  of  North  Carolina  and  Tennessee 
proportionately  augmented. 

NEW  COUNTIES. 

Counties.  Seats  of  Justice. 

Allegany,  Covington. 

Logan, 

Morgan, 

Pocahontas,  Huntersville 


50  MEMOIR. 

In  1634  Virginia  was  divided  into  the  eight  fol 
lowing  counties  or  shires:  Accomack,  Charles  city, 
Charles  river,  Elizabeth  city,.  Henrico,  James  city, 
Warwick  river,  and  Warrosquoyoke. 

NEW  TOWNS. 

Elizabethtown,  Statlerstown,  Middletown,  Wes- 
ton,  Stebbinsville,  Milford,  Leedsville,  Canaan, 
Mount  Carmel,  Middletown,  Sandy  Settlement, 
Mount  Vernon,  Preston  Co.  Petersburg,  Hardy 
Co.  Burlington,  Frankfort,  Strasburg,  Buckletown, 
Barbus,  Bath,  Morgan  Co.  Deep  creek,  London 
Bridge,  Brandon,  Ligon,  Planterstown,  Buchannan, 
Newcastle,  Covington,  Greehway,  Lovingston, 
Scottsville,  New  Kent  cross  roads,  Negrofoot,  Pot- 
tiesville,  Newtown,  Newmarket,  Scuffletown,  Loyd, 
Wolftown,  Georgetown,  Culpeper  Co.  Flint  Hill, 
New  Baltimore,  Fayetteville,  Elkton,  Heathsville, 
Boyds  H.,  Belleplain,  Occoquan,  Milford,  Luray, 
Mount  Sydney,  Mount  Crawford,  Magaugheytovvn, 
Turleytown,  Brocks  Gap  Sett.  Mount  Pleasant, 
Georgetown,  Shenandoah  Co.  Bulltown,  Summers- 
yille,  Huntersville,  Mount  Airy,  Neeltown,  Barbour- 
ville,  Lebanon,  Dickinsonville,  Cape  Henry,  Mar 
seilles,  Competition,  Bentleyville,  Hairstonville, 
Monroe,  Pittsylvania  Co.  Lawrencetown,  Big  Lick, 
Marysville,  Campbell  Co.  Chickentown,  Abbey- 
ville,  Clarksville,  Haskinton,  Tazewell,  Whitby, 
Greensboro,  Lawrenceville,  Monroe,  Southampton 
Co, 


MEMOIR.  51 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  mixed  system  of  internal  improvement,  which 
has  been  pursued  in  this  state,  and  the  great  number 
of  works  connected  with  the  subject,  actually  begun, 
appear  to  have  had  the  effect,  by  dividing  the  ener 
gies  that  should  be  united  in  support  of  an  efficient 
scheme,  of  preventing  the  completion  of  every  work 
of  a  public  nature.  The  canal  system,  although  speci 
ally  patronized  by  the  legislature  of  Virginia,  has  not 
advanced  in  a  degree,  bearing  a  just  proportion  to  the 
amount  expended  on  it;  whilst  most  other  improve 
ments  have  either  languished  or  been  deferred  in  con 
sequence  of  this  expenditure.  Thus  are  the  ample  re 
sources  of  this  important  state,  like  those  of  Pennsyl 
vania,  rendered  of  little  avail  in  the  fruitless  attempt 
to  do  everything  at  once.  In  accordance  with  the 
plan  hitherto  pursued,  I  shall  confine  my  remarks  to 
the  former  description  of  works. 

No.  1.  James  River  Canal.  This  highly  impor 
tant  improvement  has  for  a  long  time  remained  sta 
tionary,  notwithstanding  the  interests  of  the  country 
through  which  it  is  to  pass,  would  seem  to  require  its 
early  completion-.  Efforts  are  however  now  making 
to  re-commence  the  work,  under  circumstances  which 
justify  the  expectation  that  it  will  be  prosecuted  to  a 
successful  termination.  The  lower  section,  or  that 
part  of  the  James  river  canal  which  commences  at 
Richmond,  passes  along  the  left  bank  of  James  river, 
and  terminates  just  above  Venture  Falls:  length  26 


52  MEMOIR. 

miles;  course  west  north-west.  The  mountain  sec 
tion  leaves  James  river  opposite  Piney  island,  pur 
sues  the  right  bank  to  Curshaw  Falls,  where  the  canal 
crosses  James  river,  and  continues  its  course  along 
the  left  or  north  bank,  through  the  Gap  of  the  Blue 
Ridge,  to  its  junction  with  the  James  river,  about  one 
mile  above  Balcony  Falls:  length  6  miles;  general 
course  north-west. 

No.  2.  Dismal  Swamp  Canal.  This  long  pro 
tracted  work  is  at  length  nearly  completed,  and  is 
sufficiently  capacious  to  permit  coasting  vessels  to 
pass  through  it,  having  no  where  less  than  six  and  a 
half  feet  of  water  in  depth,  and  forty  feet  in  width. 
Two  lateral  canals,  one  from  Lake  Drummond, 
which,  in  addition  to  its  uses  for  purposes  of  naviga 
tion,  serves  as  a  feeder  to  the  main  trunk,  and  the 
other  opens  a  communication  between  the  main  canal 
and  the  head  waters  of  North-west  river.  The  main 
canal  commences  at  Deep  creek,  where  a  flourishing 
town  of  the  same  name  has  sprung  into  existence, 
pursues  nearly  a  south  course  through  Dismal  Swamp 
to  Joyce's  creek,  a  branch  of  the  Pasquotank  of  Al- 
bemarle  sound:  length  23  miles,  62  feet  deep,  40  feet 
wide,  6  locks,  summit  level  16J  feet  above  the  At 
lantic  at  mid-tide.  Length  of  Lake  Drummond  feed 
er  5  miles,  16  feet  wide,  4  3  deep,  with  a  guard  gate 
near  the  lake.  Length  of  "  the  North- West  .canal" 
6  miles. 

No.  3.   Roanoke  Navigation,  is  completed  from 
the  town  of  Weldon,   in  Halifax  county,  N.  C.  to 


MEMOIR.  53 

Salem,  in- Botetourt  county,  Virginia.  This  work 
consists  of  canal  and  sluice  navigation  for  batteaux 
of  considerable  burthen.  It  commences  at  the  town 
of  Weldon,  situated  at  the  foot  of  the  Great  Falls 
of  Roanoke,  passes  up  that  river  by  the  towns  of 
Whitby,  Haskinton,  and  Clarksville,  to  Staunton 
river;  and  along  the  latter,  by  the  towns  of  Abbey- 
ville,  Bentleyville,  Hairstonville,  Monroe,  Law- 
rencetown,  and  Big  Lick,  to  Salem:  length  from 
Weldon  to  Salem,  244  miles. 

No.  4.  Slate  River  Navigation.  Some  advance 
has  been  made  in  the  execution  of  this  work,  but  in 
consequence  of  recent  decisions  in  the  court  of  ap 
peals,  affecting  the  corporate  rights  of  the  company, 
all  further  proceedings  are  suspended  until  those  de 
cisions  are  reversed. 

No.  5.  is  a  proposed  improvement  of  the  naviga 
tion  of  Rappahannoc  river,  consisting  of  canals  and 
slack-water  pools;  commencing  at  Lee's  mill-dam,  and 
terminating  at  tide  water,  one  mile  below  Fredericks- 
burg,  distance  of  43  miles,  and  descent  271  feet. 

No.  6.  is  a  proposed  connection  of  New  river  and 
Roanoke,  by  the  valleys  of  Little  river,  a  branch  of  the 
former,  and  Meadow  creek,  a  branch  of  the  Roanoke. 
It  is  proposed  to  cross  the  Alleghany  mountain  at  an 
elevation  of  2078  feet  above  tide  water. 

Two  other  routes  have  been  surveyed,  and  levels  as 
certained;  one  by  James  and  Kanawha  rivers,  and  the 
other  by  way  of  Pattonsburg,  Roanoke,  and  New  ri- 


54  MEMOIR. 

ver;  but  the  route  No.  6.  is  considered  by  far  supe 
rior  to  both. 

No.  7.  Junction  Canal,  unites  Staunton  or  Roan- 
oke  river  with  the  Appomattox.  It  leaves  the  former 
at  the  mouth  of  the  Little  Roanoke,  passes  along  its 
valley  to  Buckler's  branch,  where  it  intersects  with  a 
portage  of  2|  miles.  At  the  north  end  of  the  portage 
the  canal  is  re-commenced,  and  assumes  a  north-east 
course  along  the  valley  of  Buffalo  river,  which  it  en 
ters  about  one  mile  above  the  junction  of  the  Buffalo 
with  Appomattox  river:  length  from  Staunton  river 
to  the  Appomattox,  including  the  portage,  44  miles. 
General  course  north-east. 

The  navigation  of  the  Potomac,  Monongahela,  and 
Kanawha  rivers,  has  been  improved,  from  which  a 
small  revenue  is  derived.  Other  improvements  are 
contemplated,  but  as  nothing  more  than  the  surveys 
will  be  done  for  some  time,  a  mere  enumeration 
of  them  is  deemed  sufficient:  viz.  Meherrin  river 
from  Murfreesboro  upwards;  Nottoway  river  from  its 
mouth  to  the  highest  point  to  which  navigation  may 
be  extended;  Roanoke  river  from  Parmill's  ferry  to 
the  highest  point  susceptible  of  navigation,  and  an  ex 
amination  of  the  country  between  that  and  James 
river,  with  a  view  to  connection  by  canal  or  rail  road; 
Acquia  creek,  Occoquan  river,  Opecon  river,  and 
Sleepy  creek. 


MEMOIR.  55 


Elevations  above  tide  tvater  of  important  points  in 
Virginia,  deduced  from  various  recent  surveys. 

feet. 

Columbia,  on  James  river,  178 

Scottsville,           do.  255 

Lynchburg,          do.  500 

Pattonsburg,        do.  806 

Covington,           do.  1222 

Kanawha,  below  the  Great  Falls,  641 

do         at  its  junction  with  Ohio  river,  535 

Salem  on  Roanoke  river,  1002 

Alleghany  mountain  at  Second  creek,  2596 

do                 near  Fork  run,  2315 

do     ^?,        near  Howard's  creek,  2758 
do                 near  Anthony's  creek,  2996 

Peaks  of  Otter,  4250 

Thunder  Hill  (Blue  Ridge,)  3348 

Warm  Spring  Rock,  2647 

Warm  Springs,  1782 

Rockfish  Gap,  1247 

Staunton,  1152 

Lexington,  902 

Wheeling,  634 


56  MEMOIR. 

STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA. 

Except  some  corrections  for  longitude  in  the  east 
ern  part  of  the  state,  North  Carolina  is  delineated 
from  the  map  of  North  and  South  Carolina,  contain 
ed  in  my  American  Atlas.  Macon  is  the  only  coun 
ty  created  in  this  state  for  several  years. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS 

Have  not  yet  been  effected  to  any  extent  in  North 
Carolina.  The  only  works  existing  in  this  state  of 
which  I  have  any  knowledge,  are  a  portion  of  the 
Dismal  Swamp  canal,  and  Roanoke.  river  improve 
ments,  both  described  under  the  article  Virginia;  and 
some  other  works  of  a  limited  kind  and  mostly  be 
longing  to  private  individuals.  Surveys  have  been 
made  with  a  view  to  a  navigable  communication  be- 
tween  the  head  waters  of  Tennessee  river,  and  those 
of  the  Savannah  ;  and  rail  roads  from  Fayetteville  to 
the  Pedee,  and  from  the  same  to  the  Neuse,  and  some 
other  similar  works  are  proposed.  The  gold  region 
is  marked  on  the  map. 

STATE  OF  SOUTH  CAROLINA 

Is  also  drawn  from  the  map  above  mentioned,  the 
South  Carolina  portion  of  which  was  reduced  from 
the  excellent  state  map  constructed  by  Major  Wilson, 
in  compliance  with  an  act  of  the  Legislature.  Major 


MEMOIR.  57 

Wilson's  map  is  decidedly  one  of  our  best  and  most 
scientific  maps,  and  was  used  in  correcting  the  adjoin 
ing  parts  of  Georgia  and  North  Carolina.  The  posi 
tion  of  Charleston  and  some  points  near  the  Blue 
Ridge,  are  deduced  from  careful  observations  for  lati 
tude  and  longitude,  taken  expressly  for  the  purpose 
of  connecting  the  district  surveys.  Two  new  dis 
tricts  have  been  created  out  of  Pendleton  district, — 
Pickens  and  Anderson,  in  the  north-west  part  of  the 
state. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

Some  important  works  have  been  executed  and  are 
now  in  successful  operation  in  this  state.  They  con 
sist  of  :— 

No.  1.  Santee  Canal  connecting  the  harbour  of 
Charleston  with  Santee  river;  it  commences  at  the 
west  branch  of  Cooper  river,  and  passing  along  Big 
gin  Swamp,  intersects  the  Santee,  at  Black  Oak  Island. 
Length  from  west  branch  to  Santee  river,  21  miles — 
general  course  north-north-west. 

No.  2.  Winy  aw  Canal  from  Winyaw  Bay  to  Kin- 
lock  creek,  a  branch  of  Santee  river.  Length  6  miles, 
course  south-west.  . , 

No.  3.  consists  of  several  small  canals  constructed 
to  overcome  the  impediments  in  Saluda  and  Broad 
rivers,  above  the  town  of  Columbia. 

The  South  Carolina  Canal  and  Rail  Road  Company 
have  in  contemplation  the  construction  of  a  Rail  Road 


58  MEMOIR. 

from  Charleston  by  Orangeburg  to  Hamburg  on  the 
Savannah,  opposite  the  town  of  Augusta:  a  part  of 
this  work  near  Charleston  is  now  in  course  of  execu 
tion.  Another  Rail  Road  to  intersect  the  above  at 
or  near  Orangeburg,  to  extend  to  Columbia,  is  also 
proposed.  The  exact  routes  of  these  works,  cannot 
be  stated;  additional  surveys  are  now  in  progress  with 
a  view  to  their  final  location. 

STATE  OF  GEORGIA. 

Through  the  polite  attention  of  Governor  Forsyth, 
to  whom  I  addressed  a  letter  requesting  information, 
I  was  furnished,  by  the  surveyor  general  of  Georgia, 
with  copies  of  all  the  recent  surveys  in  that  state,  in 
cluding  those  of  the  Creek  lands;  and  the  boundaries 
of  all  the  counties  organized  within  the  last  five  years. 
For  the  boundary  line  between  Georgia  and  Alabama, 
lately  run,  I  am  indebted  to  the  friendly  attention  of 
Mr.  Camak  of  Milledgeville,  one  of  the  commis 
sioners  employed  in  its  survey.  The  entire  state, 
with  the  exception  of  the  Cherokee  lands,  is  now  de 
lineated  for  the  first  time  on  a  general  map,  from  ac 
tual  and  accurate  surveys,  which  render  this  part  of 
my  map  very  complete  and  satisfactory. 

NEW  COUNTIES. 

Counties.  Seats  of  justice* 

Talliafaro,  Crawfordsvilte. 

Campbell, 


MEMOIR, 

59 

Counties. 

Seats  of  justice. 

Coweta, 

Newman. 

Carrol, 

Carrolton. 

Merri  wether. 

Troup, 

La  Grange. 

Talbot. 

Harris, 

Hamilton. 

Marion. 

Muscogee. 

-;  ••'•/? 

Lee. 

Randolph. 

Baker, 

Byron. 

Thomas, 

Thomasville. 

Lowndes. 

.   .      ..;  •  .    ••    '    •    '.  '.    '  M 

Upson, 

Thomastown. 

Ware, 

Wareboro. 

Appling, 

Applingville. 

Irwin. 

Decatur, 

Bainbridge. 

Early, 

Blakeley. 

Dooley, 

Berrien, 

Houston, 

Perry. 

Crawford, 

Knoxville. 

AT 

Pike, 

Macon. 
Zebulon. 

Monroe, 

Forsyth. 

Henry, 

M'Donough. 

Lafayette, 

Fayetteville. 

De  Kalb, 

Decatur. 

Gwinnett, 

Lawrenceville 

60  MEMOIR. 

Counties.  Seats  of  justice. 

Hall,  Gainsville. 

Habersham,  Clarksville. 

Rabun,  Claytonsville. 

A  few  new  towns,  in  addition  to  the  county  seats 
enumerated  above,  have  been  inserted  in  the  map, 
together  with  the  situation  of  New  Echota,  the  capi 
tal  of  the  Cherokee  nation,  on  the  Oostenahla. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

A  Canal  extending  from  Savannah  nearly  due  west 
to  the  Oconee,  and  several  others  in  various  parts  of 
the  state,  are  projected;  but  little,  however,  is  yet 
done  towards  their  execution.  Several  new  and  im 
portant  roads  will  be  found  in  the  map. 

TERRITORY  OF  FLORIDA. 

Much  original  matter  will  be  perceived  in  this  por 
tion  of  the  new  map;  all  the  government  surveys,  ex 
tending,  with  but  few  exceptions,  from  the  Perdido 
on  the  west  to  Suwanee  river  on  the  east,  and  from 
the  31°  of  north  lat.  to  the  Gulf  coast,  and  upwards 
of  one  hundred  townships  between  the  Atlantic  coast 
and  the  Suwanee,  being  the  result  of  surveys  made 
during  the  past  winter,  have  been  incorporated  into 
the  map.  To  these  very  important  accessions  to  our 
geographical  knowledge  on  Florida,  with  which,  se 
ven  years  since,  we  were  almost  entirely  unacquainted, 


MEMOIR.  61 

was  added  a  considerable  mass  of  information  ex 
tracted  from  the  map  prepared  by  Gen.  Bernard  and 
others,  to  illustrate  the  projected  route  of  the  Florida 
Canal.  No  section  of  our  country  affords  an  instance 
of  such  a  rapid  development  of  its  physical  geogra 
phy  as  is  presented  by  Florida.  A  few  years  ago  all 
was  doubt  and  conjecture,  in  regard  to  this  interest 
ing  region. 

Since  Florida  became  an  integral  part  of  the  United 
States  in  1821,  more  information  on  its  geography 
has  been  elicited,  and  generally  diffused,  than  had  been 
done  for  a  century  before.  Except  the  mere  coast 
and  a  portion  of  West  Florida,  formerly  so  called, 
nothing  was  known  with  certainty:  hence  the  great 
discrepancy  between  the  maps  published  before  the 
cession,  and  those  of  a  later  date. 

The  extension  of  the  government  surveys  over  near 
ly  all  the  northern  part  of  the  territory,  and  the  ad 
dition  of  other  information,  give  to  the  natural  fea 
tures  of  this  section  of  my  map,  a  permanency,  which 
the  settlement  of  the  country  cannot  materially  affect. 
Additions  only  will  be  required  where  a  map  is  found 
ed  on  accurate  data.  To  Major  Glassell,  Indian 
Agent  for  the  Seminoles,  I  am  indebted  for  a  manu 
script  map  of  the  country  comprehended  in  his  Agen 
cy;  this  map  enabled  me  to  improve  the  course  of  the 
Ocklawaha  and  its  tributaries,  and  to  insert  many 
other  items  of  information  regarding  that  section  of 
country. 

It  will  be  observed  that  I  have  placed  the  southern 
6 


62  MEMOIR. 

part  of  Florida  in  a  supplement  at  the  south-east  cor 
ner  of  the  map.  By  adopting  this  arrangement  I  was 
enabled  to  preserve  an  extensive  scale  for  the  map 
without  enlarging  its  dimensions  very  greatly.  If  the 
point  of  Florida  had  not  been  thus  detached,  I  should 
have  been  compelled  to  increase  the  size  of  the  map 
to  an  unwieldy  extent,  or  to  have  diminished  its  scale 
and  of  course  its  usefulness,  far  below  what  was  de 
sirable.  Under  every  view  of  the  subject,  I  considered 
it  advisable  to  detach  the  part  in  question,  which  is 
unimportant,  under  a  firm  persuasion,  that  its  inser 
tion  at  the  expense  of  so  much  space,  or  utility,  per 
haps  both  combined,  would  justly  be  deemed  injudi 
cious. 

NEW  COUNTIES. 

Counties.  Seals  of  justice. 

Hamilton,  Miccotown. 

Madison. 

Jefferson,  Monticello. 

Walton,  Alaqua. 

Washington,  Holmes  Valley. 

Gadsden,  Quincy. 

Leon,  Tallahassee. 

Alachua, 

Mosquito,  Tomoka. 

Monroe,  Key  West. 

NEW  TOWNS. 

Quincy,  Rock  Haven,  Magnolia,  Monticello,  Mic 
cotown,  Mount  Vernon,  Apalachicola,  Aspalaga, 
Webbville,  Moriana,  Alaqua  and  some  others. 


MEMOIR.  63 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS 

In  this  territory  are  merely  prospective.  Surveys 
have  been  made  and  routes  traced,  for  the  proposed 
canal  across  the  Peninsula,  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Gulf  of  Mexico;  these  routes  are  exhibited  on  my 
map  by  dotted  lines,  the  usual  mode  of  representing 
proposed  works.  By  the  profile  of  the  route  from 
St.  Mary's  to  Apalachicola  bay,  inserted  in  the  map, 
a  very  satisfactory  view  of  the  surface  of  the  coun 
try,  is  presented. 

No.  1.  Apalachicola  Route.  The  greatest  ele 
vation  which  this  line  attains,  is  217  feet,  and  was 
found  between  the  Oclockonne  and  Oscilla  rivers.  It 
leaves  St.  Mary's  river  about  3  miles  above  the  town 
of  that  name,  and  pursuing  a  western  course  along 
the  valley  of  the  St.  Mary's,  which  it  crosses  a  few 
miles  south-west  of  Ellicott's  mound,  enters  the  marsh 
es  of  Okefinoke  swamp  along  the  ravine  of  Alligator 
creek.  On  leaving  the  swamp,  the  canal  assumes  a 
S.  W.  direction  and  passes  through  Hamilton  county 
into  the  valley  of  Alapaha  river,  which  it  follows  to  the 
mouth  of  the  Withlacuchee.  From  this  point  the  ca 
nal  passes  westward  parallel  with  and  near  to,  the  great 
road  leading  from  St.  Augustine  to  Tallahassee,  crosses 
the  Oscilla  at  Evans'  ferry,  through  Jefferson  county, 
and  intersects  St.  Marks  river  at  the  new  town  of  Rock 
Haven.  Thence  along  the  valley  of  St.  Marks  river, 
by  the  towns  of  Magnolia  and  St.  Marks  (old  fort), 
and  with  James  Island  Sound,  terminates  in  Apala 
chicola  bay,  opposite  the  town  of  Apalachicola. 


64  MEMOIR. 

Length  from  St.  Mary's  to  Apalachicola  bay,  250 
miles.  Greatest  altitude  217  feet:  general  course 
south-west  nearly. 

No.  2.  Snwanee  Route-,  commences  at  the  point 
of  intersection  of  No.  1.  with  the  Suwanee,  pursues 
the  valley  of,  and  unites  with  that  river  at  the  Indian 
Cow  pens,  so  called,  ahout  ten  miles  above  its  dis 
charge  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Length  from  its 
intersection  with  No.  1.  to  the  Cow  pens,  75  miles. 
General  course  nearly  south.  Entire  length  from  St. 
Mary's  185  miles. 

No.  3.  Santa  Fe  Route.  Leaves  the  St.  Mary's  at 
the  same  point  as  No.  1 .;  crosses,  in  a  south-west  direc 
tion,  the  Nassau  ridge,  and  passing  a  few  miles  west 
of  Jacksonville,  enters  the  ravine  of  Black  creek; 
thence  by  Santa  Fe  pond  (which  is  proposed  as  a 
feeder),  into  the  valley  of  Santa  Fe  river,  which  it 
pursues  by  the  Natural  bridge  until  it  unites  with 
No.  2,  17  miles  above  the  Indian  Cow  pens  :  length 
1  20  miles.  General  course  from  St.  Mary's  south, 
west. 

No.  4.  St.  Johns'*  roule,  commences  on  the  St. 
Johns,  at  the  mouth  of  Pablo  river,  crosses  by  a 
direct  course  the  12  mile  swamp,  and  intersects  the 
St.  Johns,  opposite  the  mouth  of  Black  creek;  thence 
along  its  valley  and  with  the  road  to  Tampa  bay,  it 
enters  Orange  lake,  which  with  Ocldawaha  river 
to  the  Indian  pond,  is  proposed  to  be  used  as  a  part 
of  the  intended  communication.  From  the  Indian 
pond  the  canal  passes,  parallel  with  and  near  to  the 
road  from  Tampa  bay  to  St.  Augustine,  to  its  inter- 


MEMOIR.  65 

section  with  Hillsboro  river,  and  thence  into  Tampa 
bay,  near  the  United  States  cantonment:  length  from 
the  mouth  of  St.  John's  river  to  Tampa  bay  225 
miles.  General  course  south  south-west. 

The  improvement  of  the  navigation  of  St.  John's 
river  is  also  contemplated. 

STATE  OF  ALABAMA. 

The  representation  of  Alabama  was  taken  from 
my  map  of  that  state,  contained  in  the  American  At 
las,  which  was  carefully  compiled  from  materials  of 
the  most  authentic  character,  consisting  chiefly  of  the 
public  surveys,  found  in  the  General  Land  Office  at 
Washington.  These  surveys  embrace  the  whole  state, 
with  the  exception  of  the  Indian  lands;  its  geography 
may  therefore  be  deemed  as  permanently  fixed,  at 
least  so  far  as  its  natural  features  are  concerned.  The 
new  counties  of  Dale  and  Lafayette,  together  with 
the  altered  boundaries  of  Monroe,  Mobile,  and  some 
other  counties,  are  inserted.  In  tracing  the  subdivi 
sions  of  Alabama,  I  have  omitted  the  lines  which  di 
vide  and  attach  the  Creek  lands  to  the  several  conti 
guous  counties,  as  contemplated  by  a  recent  act  of  the 
Legislature,  as  doubts  of  the  constitutionality  of  the 
measure  have  been  suggested.  Presuming  that  some 
notice  of  these  boundaries  may  prove  acceptable  in  a 
work  like  the  present,  I  subjoin  an  abstract  of  the 
law  in  relation  to  this  novel  proceeding. 

The  act  declares,  "  that  all  the  territory  within  the 
following  boundaries,  to  wit:  Beginning  on  the  bank 

6* 


66  MEMOIR. 

of  Coosa  river,  at  the  mouth  of  Kiamulgee  creek,  and 
thence  with  Mclntosh's  road  to  the  Georgia  line; 
thence  with  said  line  northwardly,  to  the  boundary 
line  between  the  Creek  and  Cherokee  nations;  thence 
westwardly  with  the  said  line  to  the  mouth  of  Will's 
creek  on  Coosa;  thence  down  Coosa  to  the  beginning; 
shall  be  added  to,  and  form  a  part  of  St.  Clair  county. 

<  <  That  from  the  mouth  of  Kiamulgee  creek,  down 
Coosa  river  to  Fort  Williams;  thence  on  a  direct  line 
to  Miller's  bend  on  the  Chattahochee;  thence  with 
the  boundary  line  of  Alabama  and  Georgia,  to  the 
point  where  it  crosses  Mclntosh's  road;  thence  with 
said  road  to  the  beginning;  shall  be  added  to  Shelby 
county. 

"That  from  Fort  William  down  Coosa  river  to 
Wetumpkee  Falls;  thence  along  the  Indian  boundary 
line  to  the  road  leading  from  Pensacola  to  Lewis'  old 
stand  on  the  Federal  road;  thence  along  said  road  to 
the  Chattahochee  river,  and  all  territories  north  of  said 
line,  and  not  attached  to  any  other  county,  shall  form 
a  part  of  Montgomery  county;"  and  "That  all  Indian 
territories  south  of  said  line,  shall  belong  to,  and  form 
a  part  of  Pike  county."  Thus  we  perceive  a  fixed  de 
termination  on  the  part  of  the  government  of  Alaba 
ma,  to  extend  their  laws  over  the  "  Creek  nation," 
as  the  act  in  question  still  denominates  this  unfortu 
nate  people. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

Some  works  connected  with  the  internal  naviga 
tion  of  the  state  are  contemplated,  but  as  their  loca- 


MEMOIR.  67 

tion  respectively  is  not  yet  definitely  fixed,  I  did  not 
deem  it  proper  to  attempt  a  representation  of  them  on 
the  map.  Routes  for  canals  have  been  surveyed  to 
connect  the  Tennessee  with  the  Coosa  branch  of  Ala 
bama  river;  the  Tennessee  with  the  Tuscaloosa,  and 
the  same  with  the  head  waters  of  Tombeckbe  river. 
These  works  are  justly  considered  important,  inas 
much  as  they  would  throw  a  considerable  portion  of 
the  trade,  which  now  descends  the  Tennessee  and 
Mississippi  rivers,  into  the  counties  below,  and  open 
an  active  intercourse  between  the  northern  and  south 
ern  portions  of  the  state,  which  the  natural  barriers 
of  the  country  have  hitherto  prevented.  The  effects 
of  these  works  are,  however,  likely  to  be  counteract 
ed,  in  some  measure,  by  the  proposed  improvement  of 
the  navigation  of  Tennessee  river.  Surveys  prepara 
tory  to  the  execution  of  this  great  work  are  now  in 
progress.  It  is  designed  to  overcome  by  a  canal  the 
difficult  navigation  of  the  river,  at  the  Muscle  Shoals, 
and  is  denominated, 

The  Muscle  Shoal  Canal:  it  is  to  commence  at 
Brown's  ferry,  and  extend  a  distance  of  37  miles,  to 
Florence  ferry.  Farther  improvements  are  contem 
plated  below  Florence,  but  the  plan  is  not  yet  esta 
blished. 

STATE  OF  MISSISSIPPI. 

This  state  is  also  much  improved  by  the  addition 
of  all  the  recent  government  surveys,  including  those 
of  the  last  Chocktaw  purchase,  and  several  items  of  in 
formation  distributed  in  the  state,  among  which  is  the 


68  MEMOIR. 

road  from  Columbus  to  Natchez,  with  the  distances 
corrected  and  communicated  by  Mr.  Williams,  late 
member  of  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  from 
Mississippi,  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for  the  means  of 
correcting  the  map  of  this  state,  from  which  I  reduc 
ed  the  corresponding  part  of  the  present  map. 

NEW  COUNTIES. 

Counties.  Seats  of  Justice. 

Copiah,  Gallatin, 

Simpson,  Westville, 

Hinds,  Mount  Salus, 
Rankin,  Poindexter, 

Madison, 
Yazoo, 
Washington.  New  Mexico. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS 

Have  made  but  little  progress  in  this  state;  some 
canals  are  spoken  of  as  practicable  and  useful;  one 
is  to  connect  Bayou  Pierre  with  Pearl  river,  &c. 

STATE  OF  LOUISIANA. 

This  interesting  section  of  my  map  is  generally 
from  the  American  Atlas,  but  with  important  addi 
tions  and  corrections.  In  most  of  the  existing  maps 
of  Louisiana,  the  new  parishes  are  not  only  omitted 
altogether,  but  some  of  those  erected  before  its  ad 
mission  into  the  Union  are  represented  in  a  very  con 
fused  manner;  for  example,  the  parish  of  St.  John  is 


MEMOIR.  69 

contained  within  the  proper  limits  of  St.  James,  St. 
Charles  occupies  the  place  of  St.  John  Baptist,  and 
the  German  coast  that  of  St.  Charles.  Jefferson  is 
exhibited  as  being  altogether  on  the  right  or  south 
west  bank  of  the  Mississippi,  and  St.  Bernard  is  made 
to  encroach  very  greatly 'on  the  Parish  of  Plaque- 
mines.  This  "  labyrinth"  as  Pinkerton  would  call 
it,  as  well  as  other  glaring  errors,  was  first  pointed 
out  to  me  by  Mr.  Thomas  Seghers,  of  New  Orleans, 
from  whom  I  received  a  most  valuable  communica 
tion,  regarding  the  parish  boundaries  generally,  which 
enabled  me  to  apply  the  necessary  corrections. 

NEW  PARISHES. 
Parishes.  Principal  Towns, 

Claiborne, 

Lafayette,  Moutenville. 

Terre  Bonne, 

Jefferson, 

West  Feliciana,  Jackson. 

By  the  constitution  of  Louisiana,  that  state  is  per 
manently  divided  into  thirteen  counties;  these  divi 
sions  are  nearlyobsolete,  as  all  legal  proceedings,  &c., 
are  made  with  direct  reference  to  the  parish  bounda 
ries,  which  at  the  formation  of  the  constitution,  had 
become  so  familiar  to  the  inhabitants,  that  the  new  ar 
rangement  of  counties  has  almost  entirely  fallen  into 
disuse,  so  much  so,  that  many  persons  who  are  es 
teemed  intelligent,  scarcely  know  of  its  existence. 
The  following  is  a  list  of  those  counties,  with  the 
parishes  into  which  they  are  subdivided; — 


70 


MEM01K. 


Counties. 

Parishes. 

f  Orleans, 

Orleans, 

j  St.  Bernard, 
|  Plaquemines, 

|^  Jefferson. 

German  coast, 

CSr.  Charles, 
I  St.  John  Baptist. 

Acadia, 

C  St.  James, 
^  Ascension. 

Point  Coupee, 

Point  Coupee. 

C  St.  Mary, 

Attakapas, 

•?  St.  Martin, 

(  Lafayette. 

Opelousas, 

St.  Landre. 

C  La  Fourche,  Interior, 

La  Fourche, 

<  Assumption, 

f  Terre  Bonne. 

Iberville, 

C  Iberville, 
£  WTest  Baton  Rouge, 

Natchitoches, 

C  Natchitoches, 
£  Claiborne. 

Ouachita, 

Ouachita, 

Concordia, 

Concordia. 

Rapides, 


Feliciana, 


C  Rapides, 
<  Catahoola. 
^  Avoyelles. 

f  West  Feliciana, 
I  East  Feliciana, 
J  East  Baton  Rouge, 
]  St.  Helena, 
|  St.  Tammany, 
L  Washington, 


MEMOIR.  71 

NEW  TOWNS. 

Franklinton,  Jacksonville,  Jackson,  seat  of  justice 
of  West  Feliciana,  Moutenville,  Thibadeauxville, 
Marksville,  Cheneyville,  Harrisonburg. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

With  the  exception  of  some  private  canals  in  the 
vicinity  of  New  Orleans,  there  are  no  canals  or  works 
of  internal  improvement  of  any  magnitude,  existing 
in  this  state.  Extensive  improvements  are  however 
contemplated.  Surveys  have  been  made  with  a 
view  to  the  construction  of  a  capacious  canal  from 
New  Orleans  to  Lake  Pontchartrain,  a  distance  of 
rather  more  than  four  miles.  The  improvement  of 
water  courses,  and  where  necessary,  the  construction 
of  canals,  for  a  navigable  communication  between 
New  Orleans  and  Barataria  bay;  and  the  magnificent 
design  of  draining  the  public  lands  bordering  on  the 
Mississippi,  are  spoken  of  as  entirely  practicable. 

ARKANSAS  TERRITORY. 

Greater  changes,  if  possible,  have  taken  place  in 
this  section  of  our  country,  than  any  yet  noticed. 
By  the  act  of  Congress  which  provided  for  the  organi 
zation  of  this  territory,  its  limits  were  defined  and 
extended  to  23°  04'  30"  of  West  longitude  from 
Washington,  which  by  the  treaty  of  1819  with  Spain 


72  MEMOIR. 

was  made  the  line  of  demarkation  between  the 
United  States  and  the  then  Spanish  possessions.  Exten 
sive  grants  of  land  having  been  made  to  portions  of  the 
Chocktaw,  Chickasaw,  and  some  other  tribes  of  Indi 
ans,  it  was  thought  expedient  to  curtail  the  territory 
as  defined  by  the  act  of  Congress  just  mentioned,  so 
as  to  exclude  the  Indian  population  from  within  the 
bounds  of  the  territory.  A  new  boundary  was  ac 
cordingly  traced,  commencing  at  a  point  40  miles  due 
west  of  the  south  west  angle  of  the  state  of  Missouri, 
and  running  due  south  to  Red  river.  This  line  how 
ever,  still  left  a  considerable  portion  of  the  Indian 
lands  within  the  territory,  and  in  consequence,  another 
line  was  run  in  1828,  which  forms  the  present  west 
ern  boundary  of  the  territory.  This  line  commences  at 
the  south-west  angle  of  Missouri,  and  passes  in  a  direct 
course  to  Fort  Smith  on  the  Arkansas,  and  thence  due 
south  to  Red  river.  The  Indian,  title  to  lands  in  the 
territory,  has,  with  some  unimportant  exceptions, 
been  entirely  extinguished. 

In  delineating  this  portion  of  my  map,  I  availed 
myself  of  all  the  government  surveys,  which  now  ex 
tend  over  15,000  square  miles.  To  these  I  have  ad 
ded  the  result  of  Mr.  NuttaPs  examination  of  Arkan 
sas  river  from  its  mouth  to  Fort  Smith.  The  Ozark 
range  of  mountains  is  laid  down  from  Col.  Long's 
map,  and  from  information  regarding  it  derived  from 
other  sources;  some  important  roads  and  the  location 
of  several  new  towns,  villages,  &c.  were  inserted  in 
the  map,  from  a  valuable  communication  made  by  the 


MEMOIR,  73 

late  Mr.  Conway,  delegate  in  Congress  from  the  ter 
ritory  of  Arkansas,  altogether  presenting  a  view  of 
this  remote  quarter  infinitely  more  complete  than  my 
scanty  materials,  at  the  outset  of  my  work,  allowed 
me  to  hope  for. 

NEW  COUNTIES. 

Counties.  Counties. 

Lafayette,  Washington, 

Sevier,  Con  way, 

Crittenden,  Izard. 
St.   Francis, 

NEW  TOWNS. 

Helena,  'seat  of  justice  of  Philips  Co.  Davidson- 
ville,  Batesville,  Mount  Prairie,  Villemont,  Marion, 
Biscoeville,  Crittenden,  Clark  Co.,  Washington,  and 
some  other  small  settlements. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  following  new  roads  from  Little  Rock,  the 
capital  of  the  .territory,  are  traced  on  the  map.  To 
Davidsonville.  To  Washington  and  thence  to  Can 
tonment  Towson.  To  Monroe  and  Fort  Miro  in  Lou 
isiana.  To  Arkansas  (or  the  Post).  To  Memphis 
in  Tennessee.  To  Cantonment  Gibson  by  Piattown, 
Cadron,  Point  Remu  and  Crawford  Court  House. 
To  the  Hot  Springs  of  Ouachita,  &c. 

7 


74  MEMOIR. 

STATE  OF  TENNESSEE. 

The  map  of  Tennessee  in  common  with  those  of 
the  other  states,  has  been  subjected  to  a  thorough  re 
vision.  The  boundary  between  this  state  and  Ken 
tucky  has  been  carefully  adjusted  so  as  to  corres 
pond  with  Walker's  survey  and  with  the  corrected 
position  of  Cumberland  Gap,  which  by  a  series  of  ob 
servations  for  latitude  and  longitude,  was  found  to  be 
more  than  twelve  miles  farther  north  than  it  has  been 
usually  represented.  The  line  between  Tennessee 
and  North  Carolina  has  also  been  altered  so  as  to 
conform  to  the  survey  of  that  line  by  Mr.  Stokes 
and  others. 

NEW  COUNTIES. 

Counties.  Seats  of  Justice. 
Fentress, 

Weakly,  Dresden, 

Obion,  Troy, 

Gibson,  Gibsonport, 

Dyer,  Dyersburg, 

Haywood,  Harrisburg, 

Tipton,  Covington, 

McNairy,  Purdy, 

Hardiman,  Bolivar, 

Lafayette,  Summersville. 

In  addition  to  the  above  seats  of  justice,  which  are 


MEMOIR.  75 

mostly  new  towns,  the  following  have  been  inserted 
in  the  map. 

NEW  TOWNS. 

Brownstown,  Metcalfboro,  Centreville,  Hillsboro, 
Crab  Orchard,  Oresville,  Great  Bend  Village,  Telli- 
co,  Athens,  Nolensville,  Mt.  Pleasant,  Harpeth,  Gi- 
deonville,  Farmington,  Middleburg,  Pocahontas,  Li 
onel,  Warnerville. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

Surveys  have  been  made  under  a  late  appropriation 
of  Congress,  with  a  view  to  the  improvement  of  the 
navigation  of  Tennessee  river.  Others  have  been 
made  to  ascertain  the  practicability  of  effecting  a  na 
vigable  communication  between  the  head  waters  of 
Hiwassee  and  Savannah  rivers;  and  also  between  the 
Tennessee  and  Coosa,  by  the  valleys  of  Lookout  and 
Will's  creeks,  and  by  those  of  the  Chickamauga  and 
Little  rivers. 


STATE  OF  KENTUCKY, 

Is  reduced  from  the  map  of  that  state  contained  in 
the  American  Atlas,  to  which  the  new  counties,  &c. 
were  added  previous  to  its  reduction.  The  counties 
of  Callaway,  Hickman,  Graves,  and  Me.  Cracken,  are 
all  erroneously  represented  on  every  map  with  which 
I  am  acquainted,  both  in  extent  and  relative  position. 
The  error  originated  with  myself,  owing  to  a  mistake 


76  MEMOIR. 

of  the  gentleman  from  whose  information  I  located 
them  originally.  For  the  means  of  correcting  their 
lines,  and  adjusting  them  satisfactorily,  I  am  indebted 
to  Chittenden  Lyon,  a  representative  in  Congress 
from  Kentucky.  The  lines  of  those  counties,  as  well 
as  their  relative  situation,  having  been  materially  al 
tered,  I  feel  justified  in  classing  them  under  the  head 
of  new  counties. 

NEW  COUNTIES. 

Counties.  Seats  of  Justice. 

Callaway,  Wadesboro, 

Hickman,  Columbus, 

Graves,  Mayfield, 

McCracken,  Wilmington, 
Hancock, 

Oldham,  Westport, 

Spencer,  Taylorsville, 

Meade,  Philadelphia, 
Anderson, 
Edmondson, 
Russell, 
Laurel,  ."*,  • 

Pike,  Pikeville, 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  only  work  of  consequence  now  in  progress  in 
this  state,  is  the  canal  at  the  Falls  of  Ohio,  near  Louis 
ville.  It  is  designed  to  overcome  the  only  serious 


MEMOIR.  77 

impediment  to  the  free  navigation  of  that  great  river. 
The  canal  does  not  exceed  three  miles  in  length,  but 
its  utility  when  completed  will  be  incalculable,  and 
cannot  fail  to  reward  its  enlightened  projectors. 

STATE  OF  MISSOURI. 

A  section  of  about  30,000  square  miles  of  this  state, 
is  delineated  from  the  government  surveys.  The 
southern  and  western  boundary  lines  are  also  from 
actual  and  very  accurate  surveys,  executed  by  order 
of  the  government  of  the  United  States.  Data  for  the 
other  parts  of  the  state  were  sedulously  sought  for, 
but  except  a  few  items  of  information  regarding  local 
points,  extracted  from  Col.  Long's  map,  I  have  not 
been  able  to  procure  sufficient  materials  to  afford  even, 
a  tolerable  view  of  those  parts.  It  must  therefore  be 
admitted  that  the  representation  of  the  north-western 
and  south-western  quarters  of  the  state  is  far  from  be 
ing  satisfactory.  The  superior  accuracy  of  the  inter 
vening  space,  and  nearly  the  whole  of  its  eastern  side, 
will,  however,  compensate  in  some  degree  for  this 
deficiency. 

NEW  COUNTIES. 

Counties.  Seats  of  Justice. 

Stoddard, 

Randolph, 

Jackson, 

Marion,.  Palmyra. 


78  MEMOIR. 


NEW  TOWNS. 

Farmington,  Caledonia,  Lavvrenceton,  Manchester^ 
Point  Look-off,  Frankfort,  Bartonville,  Lewiston? 
Bowlinggreen,  Fulton,  Lafayette,  Liberty,  Lexington- 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

In  common  with  every  other  part  of  our  country, 
the  subject  of  internal  improvement  has  received  a 
full  share  of  attention  from  the  people  of  this  remote 
but  important  state.  Several  works  are  under  consi 
deration.  The  Sioux'Portage  is  proposed  to  be  open 
ed  so  as  to  admit  the  passage  of  the  Mississippi  into 
the  Missouri.  The  distance  being  scarcely  a  mile,  it 
is  probable  that  the  silent  but  sure  operation  of  the 
current  of  both  rivers  combined,  will  ere  long  render 
the  aid  of  art  unnecessary.  All  who  are  familiar  with 
the  ground  concur  in  stating  that  the  two  rivers  are  ra 
pidly  verging  towards  each  other.  Instances  of  this 
kind  are  almost  every  where  found  along  the  Missis 
sippi,  where  great  bends  have  been  deserted  by  the 
river  and  new  channels  formed  by  the  action  of  its 
current.  Thus  it  will  be  at  the  point  in  question, 
and  a  new  "cutoff"  present  itself  perhaps  before 
the  project  of  an  artificial  cut  shall  have  been  fully 
discussed.  Another  canal  of  about  40  miles  in  length, 
and  one  which  must  affect  in  some  degree  injuriously, 
the  commerce  of  St.  Louis,  is  contemplated  to  ex- 


MEMOIR.  79 

tend  from  the  Missouri  to  Maramec  river.  It  is  pro 
posed  to  leave  the  former  about  50  miles  above  its 
mouth,  pass  through  the  French  settlement  into  and 
along  the  valley  of  the  Maramec,  to  its  discharge  into 
the  Mississippi.  This  work  when  completed  will 
lessen  the  distance  by  water,  from  its  point  of  de 
parture  on  the  Missouri,  to  the  mouth  of  Maramec 
river,  nearly  70  miles. 

STATE  OF  ILLINOIS. 

The  changes  which  the  map  exhibits  in  regard  to 
both  the  geographical  and  topographical  features  of 
this  state,  are  as  extensive  and  important  as  most  oth 
ers  similarly  situated.  Since  the  publication  of  the 
map  of  this  state  included  in  the  American  Atlas,  the 
government  surveys  have  been  so  far  completed  as 
to  enable  me  to  delineate  the  streams  in  a  very  satis 
factory  manner.  Great  additions  and  alterations  will 
also  be  observed  in  the  northern  part  of  the  state, 
more  particularly  in  the  vicinity  of  the  lead  mines  in 
the  county  absurdly  called  "  Joe  Davis. "  This  por 
tion  of  the  state  has  hitherto  presented  little  more 
than  a  blank  on  nearly  all  the  published  maps  of  that 
region.  By  the  friendly  attention  of  Mr.  S.  D.  King 
of  Washington  city,  I  was  supplied  with  the  necessa 
ry  materials  for  this  part  of  the  state,  consisting  of  a 
manuscript  map  compiled  by  C.  Burdine,  Lieut.  U.  S. 
Artillery.  The  Indian  country  to  the  north  is  repre 
sented  rather  differently  from  other  maps.  It  is  gen- 


MEMOIR. 


erally  from  a  map  in  manuscript  of  the  region  be 
tween  Lake  Michigan  and  the  Mississippi,  drawn  and 
loaned  to  me  by  Col.  Long. 


Counties. 

Mercer. 

Henry. 

Putnam, 

Peoria, 

Knox. 

Warren. 

Hancock. 

M'Donough, 

Adams, 

Schuyler, 

Calhoun, 

Tazewell, 

Macon, 

Vermillion, 

Shelby, 

Macoupin. 

Marion, 

Wabash, 

Perry, 


NEW  COUNTIES. 


Seats  of  Justice. 


Alexandria. 
Peoria. 


Quincy. 

Rushville. 

Gilead. 

Mackinaw. 

Decatur. 

Danville. 

Shelbyville. 

Salem. 

Palmyra. 

Pinckneyville. 


NEW  TOWNS. 


Gilead,  Atlas,    Quincy,    Rushville,    Lewistown, 
Alexandria,  Naples,  Jacksonville,  Sangamon,  Deca- 


MEMOIR.  81 

tur,  Mackinaw,  Hillsboro,  Shelbyville,  Danville, 
Waterloo,  Covington,  Pinckneyville,  Equality, 
Maysville. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

A  canal  about  100  miles  in  length,  is  proposed  to 
connect  Illinois  river  with  Lake  Michigan;  to  extend 
from  the  mouth  of  Vermillion  river,  along  the  valleys 
of  Illinois  and  Plain  rivers,  and  Chicago  creek,  to  the 
town  of  Chicago  on  Lake  Michigan.  Some  other 
works  of  a  like  description  are  projected,  but  the  pros 
pect  of  their  execution  being  remote,  a  notice  of  them 
here  is  deemed  unnecessary. 


STATE  OF  INDIANA. 

With  the  exception  of  the  Indian  lands,  this  state  is 
drawn  entirely  from  the  government  surveys.  The 
north  boundary  of  the  state  is  now  for  the  first  time 
located  according  to  the  results  of  celestial  observa 
tions  made  by  order  of  the  government. 

This  boundary  has  always  been  represented  nearly 
six  miles  too  far  south.  A  similar  error  existed  with 
respect  to  the  head  of  Lake  Michigan,  and,  of  course, 
in  the  north  line  of  Ohio;  the  parallel  of  which  coin 
cides  with  the  southern  part  of  that  Lake.  These 
discrepancies  have  all  been  adjusted  in  my  new  map, 
and  the  outlines  of  Indiana  and  Ohio,  rendered  as  per 
manent  as  the  delineation  of  their  physical  geogra 
phy. 


MEMOIR. 

NEW 

COUNTIES. 

Counties. 

Seats  of  Justice 

Pike, 

Columbia, 

Allen, 

Wayne, 

Vermillion, 

Newport, 

Warren, 

Carrol, 

Delphi, 

Cass, 

Logansport, 

Wabash, 

Thorntown, 

Tippecanoe, 

Lafayette, 

Montgomery, 

Crawford  sville, 

Hancock, 

Greenfield, 

Hamilton, 

Noblesville, 

Madison, 

Andersonton, 

Delaware, 

Munseytown, 

Hendricks, 

Danville, 

Johnson, 

Franklin, 

Bartholomew, 

Columbus, 

Clay, 

Bowlinggreen. 

NEW  TOWNS. 

Clinton,  Newport,  Eugene,  Perrysville,  Logans- 
port,  Wayne,  Delphi,  Lafayette,  Attica,  Covington, 
Thorntown,  Cr-awfordsville,  Rockville,  Bloomfield, 
Bowlinggreen,  Greencastle,  Martinsville,  Danville, 
Strawtown,  Winchester,  Jacksonville,  Noblesville, 
Greenfield,  Port  Royal  (at  the  Bluffs  on  White  river), 
Franklin,  Burlington,  Columbus,  Edinburgh,  New 
castle,  Shelbyville,  Versailles,  Greensburg,  Rush- 


MEMOIR.  83 

ville,  Bedford,  Hindoostan,  Portersville,  Blackford, 
Rome. 


INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  work  of  ^internal  improvement,  except  in  the 
formation  of  common  roads,  which  have  greatly  in 
creased,  has  not  yet  made  much,  if  any  progress  in 
this  state;  although  provision  is  made  for  the  con 
struction  of  a  canal  along  the  valleys  of  Wabash  and 
Maumee  rivers,  designed  to  intersect  the  proposed 
continuation  of  the  Miami  canal,  at  or  near  the  town 
of  Defiance.  The  length  of  this  work  will  be  110 
miles.  Another  canal  is  also  projected,  to  connect 
the  Wabash  with  the  Miami  canal,  by  the  ravine  of 
White  river.  No  efficient  measures  have  yet  been 
adopted  in  regard  to  the  latter  canal. 

STATE  OF  OHIO. 

No  changes  of  any  importance  have  been  made  in 
regard  to  the  natural  features  of  this  important  state. 
My  former  delineations  of  it  were  made  almost  exclu 
sively  from  the  government  surveys,  which,  with  but 
very  limited  exceptions,  embrace  the  entire  state. 
Whilst  we  find  its  physical  geography  thus  perma 
nent,  no  other  state  in  the  union,  nor  perhaps  any  dis 
trict  of  equal  extent  in  the  known  world,  affords  an 
instance  of  such  rapid  increase  of  population  and  ex 
tension  of  settlements  as  this  interesting  state  pre- 


84  MEMOIR. 

sents.  As  a  necessary  consequence  of  this  increase 
of  population,  towns  innumerable  have  sprung  into 
existence  as  if  by  magic.  The  work  of  internal  im 
provement  is  in  successful  progress.  Turnpike  and 
common  roads  intersect  the  state  in  every  direction. 
Seminaries  of  learning  are  generally  distributed 
through  the  country,  and  every  other  indication  of 
a  prosperous  people,  is  every  where  conspicuous. 

Holmes  is  the  only  county  erected  in  this  state  for 
several  years  past.  Millersburg  is  the  seat  of  justice. 

NEW  TOWNS. 

Venice,  Butler  co./Trenton,  Newcomb,  Alexander, 
Newbury,  Westville,  Lisbon,  Moscow,  Winchester, 
Jackson,  Lucasville,  Concord,  Yellow  Springs,  Bel- 
brook,  Waynesville,  Princeton,  Salem,  Martinsville, 
Willis,  Hardin,  Claridon,  Cardington,  Bennington, 
Sunbury,  Hebron,  Lythopolis,  Chester,  county  seat 
of  Meigs,  Coolville,  Milville,  Mitford,  W.  Carlisle. 
Utica,  Gambier,  Perry sville,  Richland  Co.,  Trux- 
ville,  Greenton,  Franklin,  Richland  Co.,  Jackson, 
Fredericksburg,  Berlin,  Shanesville,  Dover,  Bolivar, 
Bethlehem,  Dalton,  Massillon,  Clinton,  Stark  Co., 
New  Portage,  Akron,  Union.,  Greene,  Paris,  New 
Garden,  Calcutta,  Zoar,  Dresden,  Norwich,  Malaga, 
Jacobstovvn,  New  Athens,  New  Hagerstown,  Anna 
polis,  Wellsville,  Shalersville,Bloomfield,  Williams- 
field,  Stow,  Burton,  Tallmadge,  Middleburg,  Frank 
lin,  Portage  Co.,  Boston,  Brunswick,  Independence, 


MEMOIR.  85 

Strongville,  Florence,  Milan,  Tiffin  (county  seat  of 
Seneca),  Caroline,  Melmore,  Tyemochte,  Bucyrus, 
Oakler,  Seneca,  Port  Clinton  on  Portage  bay,  Defi 
ance,  Napoleon,  Port  Damascus,  Amanda,  Willshire, 
and  several  other  places  of  minor  importance. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

The  "  Ohio  Canal,"  extending  from  Portsmouth, 
at  the  intersection  of  the  Scioto  with  Ohio  river,  to 
Cleveland  on  Lake  Erie,  is  nearly  completed.   After 
leaving  Portsmouth,  the  canal  crosses  the  Scioto,  and 
pursues  a  course  nearly  due  north,  along  the  right 
bank  of  that  river;  passes  Chillicothe  and  enters  Cir- 
cleville,  where  it  re-crosses  the  Scioto,  and  continues 
its  route  along  the  valley  of  the  Scioto,  to  its  inter 
section  with  the  Columbus  feeder.     Here  the  canal 
suddenly    turns  and    pursues   an    eastern    direction, 
through  the  towns  of  Hebron,  Newark,  Irville,  and 
Coshocton  into  the  valley  of  Tuscarawas  river,  which 
it  follows  to  the  summit,  after  passing  through  New- 
comerstown,    Salem,     Schoenbrun,    New    Philadel 
phia,   Bolivar,  Massillon,  Clinton,   &c.      On  leaving 
Akron,  at  the  Portage  summit,  the  canal  descends 
the  valley  of  the    Cuyahoga,   which  it  follows  and 
terminates  at  Cleveland  :  length  from  Portsmouth  to 
Cleveland,  307  miles;  summit  level  4.Q9  feet  above  the 
Ohio  at  Portsmouth;  305  feet  above  Lake  Erie,  and 
973  feet  above  the  Atlantic  ocean.      General  course 
north-east.     A  profile  of  this  work  is  inserted  in  the 
map. 

8 


MEMOIR. 

The  Miami  Canal,  now  in  operation,  extends 
from  Cincinnati,  on  the  Ohio  river,  along  the  ravines 
of  Mill  creek  and  the  Great  Miami,  to  Dayton;  pass 
ing  in  its  course  the  towns  of  Springfield,  Hamilton, 
Middletown,  Franklin,  and  Miamishurg:  length  from 
Cincinnati  to  Dayton,  68  miles.  General  course  north 
north-east;  summit  level  at  Dayton,  175  feet  above 
the  Ohio  at  Cincinnati,  and  606  above  the  Atlantic; 
as  deduced  from  a  continued  series  of  levelling  ope 
rations  from  tide  water  on  the  Hudson  to  Lake  Erie, 
and  thence  to  the  several  points  just  mentioned. 

The  Miami  canal,  it  is  probable,  will  be  continued 
ere  long,  and  extended  along  the  valleys  of  St.  Mary's, 
Au  Glaize,  and  Maumee  rivers,  to  Lake  Erie.  These 
great  works  are  the  property  of  the  state.  Other  ca 
nals  of  an  important  character  are  projected.  Among 
them  is  one  from  the  Portage  summit  of  the  Ohio 
canal,  along  the  valleys  of  Mahoning  and  Beaver  ri 
vers,  to  intersect  the  Western  division  of  the  Penn 
sylvania  canal.  Works  for  the  improvement  of  the 
navigation  of  the  Miiskingum  have  been  commenced, 
and  are  now  probably  completed.  The  importance 
of  the  former  to  the  commerce  of  Pennsylvania,  must 
be  apparent  on  an  inspection  of  the  map.  Much  of 
the  produce  of  the  interior  which  now  passes  into 
Lake  Erie,  and  thence  into  the  Erie  canal,  would  find 
its  way  into  the  Pennsylvania  canal,  and  thus  at  once 
augment  the  revenue  of  the  state,  and  the  commerce 
of  its  capital. 


MEMOIR. 

MICHIGAN  TERRITORY. 

Nearly  one  half  of  this  flourishing  territory  is  de 
lineated  from  the  public  surveys,  which  extend  from 
Detroit  to  Lake  Michigan,  and  from  the  north  boun 
daries  of  Ohio  and  Indiana  to  Grand  river  and  Sagi- 
naw  bay.  By  the  aid  of  Mr.  Farmer's  excellent  map, 
sent  me  by  Mr.  Trowbridge  of  Detroit,  I  was  ena 
bled  to  complete  my  representation  of  the  southern 
portion  of  the  territory  and  to  trace  the  county  lines 
with  great  exactness.  Many  new  towns  and  villages 
have  been  inserted.  Dr.  Bixby's  map  of  the  region 
about  Lake  Iroqupis,  &c.  served  me  for  the  northern 
part>  including  the  Islands  of  Lakes  Michigan  and 
Huron. 

The  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  north  of 
Grand  river,  is  drawn  from  a  manuscript  map  found 
in  the  general  land-office  at  Washington.  It  includes 
the  recent  purchase  from  the  Indians,  together  with 
the  present  boundary  line,  &c. 

Great  changes  will  be  perceived  in  the  country 
bordering  on  the  north  line  of  Indiana.  By  consult 
ing  the  recent  surveys  in  Michigan,  in  connection 
with  the  newly  ascertained  boundary  between  that 
territory  and  the  state  of  Indiana,  many  improvements 
were  suggested.  Alterations  in  the  geography  of 
this  part  of  the  country  were  therefore  found  ne 
cessary.  The  St.  Joseph's  of  Lake  Michigan,  being 
traced  from  actual  survey,  assumes  an  appearance 


88  MEMOIR. 

widely  different  from  all  former  representations.  The 
head  of  Lake  Michigan,  and  indeed  its  configuration 
generally,  presents  a  new  aspect.  It  is  worthy  of  re 
mark,  that  the  present  form  of  Lake  Michigan,  so 
far  as  it  is  delineated  from  the  public  surveys,  corres 
ponds  very  nearly  with  the  representation  of  it  found 
in  the  old  French  maps,  published  in  the  time  of  Hen- 
nepin,  Charlevoix,  £c.  There  is,  perhaps,  no  part  of 
our  geography  which  has  undergone  such  vicissitudes 
in  the  lapse  of  time  as  that  under  consideration. 

In  some  of  the  early  maps  we  find  Lake  Michigan 
represented  as  flowing  towards  the  north,  in  others 
east-north-east  and  north-east.  In  process  of  time  it 
assumes  its  proper  form  and  for  a  short  period  main 
tains  its  position.  In  the  maps,  published  between 
1790  and  1810,  this  ill-fated  lake  appears  again  dis 
torted  in  a  remarkable  degree,  but  in  an  opposite  di 
rection.  In  some  of  the  most  recent  maps  published 
at  a  time  when  access  to  more  correct  information 
could  be  had  without  difficulty,  we  find  this  region 
still  greatly  misrepresented. 

The  actual  surveys  and  astronomical  observations 
upon  which  my  representation  of  this  region  is  found 
ed,  must  give  to  it  a  permanent  character,  at  least -so 
far  as  the  southern  portion  of  the  Lake  and  contigu 
ous  country  are  embraced. 

NEW  COUNTIES. 

Counties.  Seats  of 'Justice. 

Sanillac. 
Soginaw,  Snginaw. 


MEMOIR.  89 

Counties.  Seats  of  justice. 

Shiawassee,  Byron. 

Washtenaw,  Ann  Arbour. 

Lenawee,  Tecumseh. 
Lapeer. 

NEW  TOWNS. 

Port  Lawrence,  Bay  Settlement,  Tecumseh,  Ann 
Arbour,  Dexter,  Schwarzeburg,  Mt.  Clemens,  Power- 
ville,  Cottrellville,  Palmer,  Millton,  Bunceville, 
Byron,  Saginaw,  &c. 

INTERNAL  IMPROVEMENTS. 

Although  some  canals  have  been  proposed,  nothing 
in  this  branch  of  improvement  has  yet  been  effected. 
Several  new  common  roads  have  been  made  and  old 
ones  improved;  among  the  former  are  the  following 
roads;  from  Detroit  to  Chicago,  to  Saginaw,  to  Per- 
rysburg,  Indiana,  to  Fort  Gratiot,  &c. 

WESTERN  DISTRICTS. 

In  the  entire  absence  of  legislative  enactments,  re 
garding  the  denomination  of  the  western  parts  of  the 
United  States,  I  have  ventured  to  divide  them  into 
districts,  assigning  to  each  such  an  appellation  as  the 
Indian  tribes  found  in  them  respectively  suggested. 
It  may  be  said,  that  any  arrangement  of  this  nature, 
is  the  business  of  the  public  authorities  j  this  I  admit, 
8* 


90  MEMOIR. 

but  the  utility,  if  not  absolute  necessity,  for  something 
like  order  in  this  respect,  which  the  increasing  im 
portance  of  this  section  of  our  country  demands,  and 
the  failure  on  the  part  of  government,  to  adjust  the 
the  matter,  impelled  me  to  adopt  an  arrangement 
which  I  think  is  calculated  to  assist  the  geographer, 
and  to  afford  definite  land  marks  to  the  traveller.  In 
every  case  where  it  was  practicable,  natural  bounda 
ries  were  selected,  and  such  as  will,  most  probably, 
be  adopted  in  the  future  organization  of  Territories 
and  States.  In  order  to  distinguish  the  sections  em 
braced  in  this  arrangement,  and  to  avoid  the  confu 
sion  which  results  from  the  indiscriminate  use  of  the 
adjective  "  territory,"  as  often  applied  to  parts  of 
the  unappropriated  lands  of  the  United  States,  a 
new  term  was  deemed  indispensable,  and  that  of 
u  DISTRICT"  was  selected  as  most  appropriate  to 
those  subdivisions,  being  under  the  immediate  juris 
diction  of  the  United  States'  government.  Although 
many  attempts  have  been  made  in  Congress,  within 
a  few  years,  to  organize  new  territories  in  the  west 
ern  region,  nothing  in  this  way  has  yet  been  effect 
ed. 

During  the  session  of  1828-29,  an  act  erecting  the 
Territory  of  Huron,  was  passed  in  the  representative 
branch  of  Congress,  but  from  some  cause,  probably 
the  unusual  extent  which  the  advocates  of  the  measure 
desired  to  give  the  proposed  territory,  it  failed  in  the 
senate.  The  rapid  increase  of  population  in  the  mid 
dle  section  of  the  contemplated  territory,  and  its  re- 


MEMOIR.  91 

mote  situation  in  reference  to  the  seat  of  government 
of  Michigan,  to  which  it  is  attached,  will  soon  render 
necessary  the  establishment  of  a  separate  territorial 
government,  which,  with  less  extensive  views  on  the 
part  of  those  who  are  interested  in  its  accomplishment, 
will,  doubtless,  be  soon  effected.  In  tracing  the  Dis 
trict  of  Huron  on  my  map,  I  have  excluded  a  consi 
derable  portion  of  the  territory  as  contemplated  by  the 
act  of  Congress  just  mentioned,  which  comprehend 
ed  not  only  that  part  which  I  have  called  "Huron 
District,"  but  also  that  of  Sioux,  both  together  em 
bracing  an  area  of  nearly  285,000  square  miles.  In 
locating  the  District  of  Huron,  I  have  conformed  to 
the  boundaries  which  are  likely  to  be  adopted  in  the 
erection  of  the  proposed  territory.  Some  abortive 
efforts  have  also  been  made  to  organize  a  territorial 
government  west  of  the  Oregon  Mountains,  but  with 
the  exception  of  the  mere  change  of  the  name  of 
Columbia  river  to  that  of  Oregon,  no  legal  measures 
whatever  have  been  adopted  respecting  the  nomencla 
ture  of  the  regions  under  consideration:  nor  is  it  pro 
bable  that  any  movement  in  regard  to  the  subject  will 
be  made  by  the  proper  authorities,  until  its  necessi 
ty  be  actually  felt  by  those  who  have  the  power  to 
apply  the  remedy.  Thus  it  is,  and  thus  it  ever  has 
been  in  our  country  :  cities,  counties,  and  states,  are 
suffered  to  reach  an  advanced  stage  of  maturity,  before 
they  receive  those  definite  appellations,  which  are  in 
dispensable  in  their  verbal  description. 


92  MEMOIR. 

Our  country  itself,  as  a  nation,  is  still  DESTITUTE  OP 
A  NAME,  by  which  to  distinguish  it  from  similar  con 
federacies  abroad.  We  now  find  "United  States"  in 
almost  every  quarter  of  the  globe — in  Europe  we  see 
the  "United  States"  of  the  Ionian  Isles— in  South 
America  the  "United  States"  of  La  Plata— in  North 
America  the  "United  States"  of  Mexico — and  lastly 
our  own  "United  States."  Such  a  multiplicity  of 
"United  States,"  while  it  exposes  the  absurdity  of  the 
term,  as  applied  in  lieu  of  a  proper  name,  will,  it  is 
hoped,  induce  our  government  to  devise  and  confer 
on  the  country  some  appropriate  appellation  by  which 
she  may  be  distinguished,  in  the  rank  of  nations,  from 
the  multitude  of  "United  States"  which  now  per 
plexes  the  geographical  enquirer,  and  by  which  she 
may  cease  to  be  what  she  now  is,  emphatically,  a 

NAMELESS  COUNTRY. 

In  addition  to  the  materials  I  had  previously  con 
sulted,  during  the  progress  of  my  American  Atlas,  an 
account  of  which  is  contained  in  the  memoir  append 
ed  to  that  work,  I  have  availed  myself  of  all  the 
fresh  information  regarding  the  Western  Districts  ge 
nerally.  Much  additional  matter  relative  to  Missouri 
river  and  the  adjacent  lands,  will  be  found  on  my 
map.  This  was  extracted  with  great  care,  from  Lew 
is  &  Clark's  Journal,  and  does  not  appear  on  the  map 
which  accompanies  that  work,  nor  in  any  other  map 
that  I  have  consulted.  In  the  northern  parts  of  Man- 
dan  and  Oregon  Districts,  numerous  improvements 
'will  be  observed,  especially  in  Clark  river  and  its 


MEMOIR,  93 

branches.  Caledonia  and  Thompson's  rivers,  discov 
ered  by  the  English  traveller,  Harmon,  are  inserted, 
as  well  as  a  reduction  of  a  large  manuscript  chart  of 
the  outlet  of  Oregon  river,  exhibiting  its  bars,  banks, 
soundings,  &c.  The  supplemental  map  of  the  coun 
try  between  the  Missouri  and  Pacific  Ocean,  embrac 
ing  the  Districts  of  Oregon,  Mandan  and  a  part  of 
Osage,  although  drawn  on  a  reduced  scale,  exhibits 
alZthQ  information  now  existing  on  the  region  brought 
into  view,  and  accomplishes  the  primary  object  of  its 
insertion  by  affording,  in  connection  with  the  princi 
pal  map,  A  COMPLETE  VIEW  OF  THE  ENTIRE  TERRI 
TORY  or  THE  UNITED  STATES,  from  the  Atlantic  to 
the  Pacific  Ocean. 

Every  work  which  promised  any  additional  infor 
mation  on  the  country  exhibited  in  this  part  of  my 
map,  has  been  used.  The  names  of  the  various  In 
dian  tribes,  who  inhabit  this  extensive  region,  with 
the  number  of  souls  attached  to  each,  it  will  be  per 
ceived  are  distinctly  marked,  and  their  relative  situa 
tions  preserved  as  nearly  as  possible.  The  location 
of.  several  tribes  never  before  given  on  any  map  with 
which  I  am  acquainted,  will  also  be  found.  Each 
tribe  can  be  readily  distinguished  from  the  others,  by 
the  large  and  conspicuous  letters  which  I  have  used. 

Notwithstanding  the  difficulties  which  necessarily 
attend  the  construction  of  maps  of  a  new  country, 
and  unpromising  as  were  the  data  at  its  commence 
ment  for  the  faithful  delineation  of  the  Western  Dis 
tricts,  I  cannot  but  indulge  the  hope  that  my  repre- 


94  MEMOIR. 

sentation  of  them  will  be  found  more  perfect,  in  regard 
to  their  general  appearance,  than  any  hitherto  given  to 
the  public. 

The  following  counties  have  been  organized  in 
Huron  District. 

Counties.  Seats  of  justice. 

Chippeway,  Sault  St.   Mary. 

Browne,  Fort  Howard. 

Crawford,  Prairie  Du  Chien. 

CANADA. 

In  connecting  the  materials  which  I  have  brought 
together  for  this  portion  of  my  map,  I  made  use  of 
the  survey  made  by  the  boundary  commissioners  un 
der  the  treaty  of  Ghent.  Their  map  served  as  a  base, 
to  which  the  other  materials  were  made  to  conform. 
The  maps  mentioned  above,  designed  to  elucidate 
the  boundary  question,  contain  all  the  recent  sur 
veys  in  Lower  Canada.  About  fifty  townships  in 
that  province,  including  those  bordering  on  Chaudiere 
and  Echemin  rivers,  have  been  transferred  to  my 
map.  These  surveys,  in  connexion  with  Bouchette's 
improved  map  and  description  of  Lower  Canada,  en 
abled  me  to  present  a  more  perfect  and  detailed  view 
of  the  province  than  has  yet  been  given  on  a  similar 
scale.  The  distances  from  Montreal  to  Quebec  and 
thence  to  St.  John's  in  New  Brunswick,  by  the 
Grand  Portage,  were  extracted  with  much  care  from 


MEMOIR.  95 

the  tables  of  Bouchette,  which  embrace  a  complete 
itinerary  of  that  important  route. 

In  addition  to  many  new  towns  and  villages  never 
before  located  on  a  general  map  of  the  United  States, 
it  will  be  observed  that  I  have  inserted,  not  only  the 
Districts  into  which  Lower  Canada  is  divided,  but 
also  its  subdivisions  into  counties,  as  they  now  exist. 
The  districts  and  counties  of  Upper  Canada  are  also 
introduced  into  the  map.  Great  changes  will  be  ob 
served  in  the  geographical  delineation  of  Johnstown, 
Eastern  and  the  new  Districts  of  Ottawa  and  Bathurst, 
which  were  taken  from  a  recent  map  of  those  parts 
of  Canada,  shewing  the  route  of  the  Rideau  Canal. 
This  map  having  been  constructed  by  order,  and  un 
der  the  immediate  inspection,  of  the  commissioners 
of  Internal  Navigation,  is  esteemed  a  very  accurate 
work,  and  as  such  was  adopted  by  me  for  so  much  of 
my  map  as  is  embraced  within  its  limits.  The  Ri 
deau  Canal  is  intended  to  unite  the  waters  of  Lake 
Ontario  with  Ottawa  river.  It  commences  at  Kings 
ton  on  Lake  Ontario,  pursues  a  north-eastern  direc 
tion,  through  a  chain  of  lakes,  with  most  of  which  it 
becomes  identified  in  its  course,  until  it  intersects  Ri 
deau  river.  Continuing  its  route  along  the  banks, 
and  sometimes  in  the  bed  of  that  river,  it  enters  the 
Ottawa  at  Bytown,  a  short  distance  above  the  mouth 
of  the  former,  in  north  lat.  45°  23'.  This  highly 
important  work,  the  existence  of  which  is  scarcely 
kno\vn  in  the  United  States,  is  now  in  active  pro 
gress,  under  the  direction  of  a  board  of  commission- 


96  MEMOIR. 

ers,  assisted  by  a  corps  of  the  Royal  Engineers. 
Length  from  Kingston  to  Bytown  on  the  Ottawa, 
including  the  natural  navigable  courses,  129s  miles; 
53  locks,  each  33  feet  wide  and  134  long.  Ascent 
from  Kingston  to  the  summit  pond,  by  19  locks,  165 
feet;  descent  from  the  summit  pond  to  the  Ottawa, 
by  34  locks  290  feet;  total  lockage  355  feet.  Depres 
sion  of  the  Ottawa  below  Lake  Ontario  at  Kingston, 
125  feet ;  general  course  north-north-east. 

The  remainder  of  Upper  Canada,  bordering  on  the 
Lakes  and  including  the  Welland  Canal,  was  taken 
from  Purdy's  Map  of  "Cabotia,"  so  called.  Nearly 
all  the  surveys  that  were  completed  at  the  time  of  its 
construction  were  incorporated  into  the  map,  which 
with  some  corrections  for  latitude  and  longitude  ren 
dered  necessary  by  late  observations,  was  used  exclu 
sively  for  the  corresponding  parts  on  my  map. 

The  Welland  Canal  just  mentioned,  is  designed 
to  open  a  navigable  communication  between  Lakes 
Erie  and  Ontario.  It  leaves  the  former  at  Port  Mait- 
land,  near  the  mouth  of  Grand  river,  crosses  the 
Wainfleet  marshes  to  Chippewa  river,  and  passes  along 
its  valley  about  10  miles.  On  leaving  the  Chippewa, 
the  canal  assumes  a  northern  direction,  traverses  a 
deep  cut,  of  nearly  two  miles  in  extent,  and  of  the 
mean  depth  of  45  feet,  and  after  a  further  course  of 
8  or  10  miles,  enters  Lake  Ontario  at  Port  Dalhousie, 
about  9  miles  west  of  Niagara  village. 

This  splendid  work,  equalled  in  depth  by  the 
Chesapeake  and  Delaware  canal  only,  is  rapidly  verg- 


MEMOIR.  97 

ing  towards  its  completion.     It  admits  the  passage  of 
the  largest  vessels  that  navigate  the  lakes;  the  dimen 
sions  of  the  locks  north  of  the  mountain  ridge,  being 
22  feet  wide,  100  long,  and  8  feet  deep;  those  on  the 
south  of  the  ridge,  45  feet  in  width  and  120  in  length. 
Length  from    Port  Maitland  to    Port  Dalhousie    36 
miles — 34  locks,  all  descending.     Descent  334  feet; 
general  course  north-east.     A  striking  change  in  the 
general  appearance  of  the  region  of  Lakes  Huron  and 
Iroquois,  must  be  observed  in  the  map.     While  en 
gaged  on  this   part   of  it,   I    obtained,    through  the 
friendly  attention  of  Dr.  Bixby,  who  was  attached  to 
the  commission  under  the  Ghent  treaty,   a  copy  in 
manuscript  of  the  map  prepared  by  him  for  the  use  of 
the  commissioners  in  marking  the  northern  boundary 
line.     Dr.  Bixby's  map  afforded  the  means,  not  only 
of  correcting  and  adjusting  several  important  points, 
which  the  astronomers,  attached  to  the  party,  had  es 
tablished;  but  also  to  delineate  with  great  exactness 
the  islands,  ba}rs,  and  lakes,  of  a  region  comprehend 
ing  nearly  five  degrees  of  longitude  and  three  of  lati 
tude:  thus,  for  example,  in  all  the  old  maps,  Cabot's 
head,  which  is  a  conspicuous  land  mark  to  persons 
navigating  the  lakes,  is  represented  as  bearing  north 
35°  east  from  Fort  Gratiot,  making  a  difference  of 
longitude  of  nearly  two  degrees,  when  in  fact  it  was 
found  to  be  very  near  the  meridian  of  that  fort.   The 
error  in  the  position  of  this  point,  affects,  of  course, 
much  of  the  contiguous  country  towards  the  east, 
which  in  consequence  was  greatly  circumscribed  in 

9 


98  MEMOIR. 

its  casl  and  west  direction,  and  lake  Iroquois  unduly 
extended  and  distorted.  The  east  end  of  lake  Iro 
quois,  Matchadash  river,  and  the  north  part  of  lake 
Simcoe,  were  taken  from  actual  surveys,  copies  of 
which  were  also  communicated  by  Dr.  Bixby,  to 
whom  I  feel  greatly  indebted  for  the  interest  he  has 
thus  manifested  towards  my  work. 

For  the  purpose  of  augmenting,  as  much  as  possi 
ble,  the  utility  of  the  new  Map  of  the  United  States, 
I  have,  although  not  required  by  the  terms  of  my 
prospectus,  filled  the  spaces,  which  would  otherwise 
have  been  left  blank,  with  a  series  of  plans,  topogra 
phical  views  and  diagrams,  which  will  be  exceeding 
ly  useful  in  illustrating  the  topography  of  interesting 
local  sections.  The  addition  of  these  involved  an 
expense  of  money,  time  and  labour,  of  which  none 
but  those  who  are  experimentally  acquainted  with  the 
difficulty  of  collecting,  combining,  and  engraving, 
such  minute  delineations,  can  form  a  just  idea.  To 
their  insertion,  combined  with  numerous  delays  in 
the  reception  of  materials  which  were  deemed  essen 
tial  to  the  faithful  execution  of  the  map,  is  to  be  at 
tributed  the  delay  in  the  publication  of  the  work. 
It  could  not  have  been  issued  earlier,  consistently 
with  a  determination  on  my  part,  to  render  the  map 
as  perfect  as  the  existing  data,  and  my  slender  abili 
ties  would  admit;  a  consummation  most  earnestly 
and  sincerely  aimed  at  in  every  stage  of  its  execu 
tion.  That  I  have  arrived  at  complete  perfection,  I 
do  not  pretend;  errors  will,  no  doubt,  be  found:  for 
the  future  correction  of  these,  I  respectfully  solicit 


MEMOIR.  99 

communications.  .  Anxious  to  make  the  map,  in 
all  respects,  satisfactory  to  myself  and  acceptable 
to  the  public,  I  have  permitted  no  consideration  of 
economy,  either  of  time  or  money,  to  interfere  in  the 
slightest  degree  with  its  execution;  nor  have  I  omit 
ted  to  employ  any  means  which  promised  to  add  to 
rny  stock  of  information,  requisite  for  such  a  work. 
That  I  have  embodied  much  original  information  re 
garding  the  United  States  generally,  will,  I  trust,  be 
admitted  by  all  who  shall  have  directed  their  atten 
tion  to  the  ample  materials  noticed  in  this  work.  In 
the  execution  of  the  map  I  have  endeavoured  to  select 
from  the  great  mass  of  documents  collected  for  the 
purpose,  such  only  as  were  founded  upon  actual  sur 
veys  and  astronomical  observations;  and  in  the  ab 
sence  of  these  the  relations  of  travellers,  and  other  me 
moranda,  which  appeared  to  be  of  an  authentic  cha 
racter,  were  resorted  to.  Information  regarding  the 
internal  improvements  of  the  country,  I  have  endea 
voured  to  collect  from  every  source,  and  the  multi 
tude  of  works  on  subjects  connected  with  it,  have 
been  freely  used;  some  with  great  advantage,  while 
others  presented  little  else  than  masses  of  crude  ma 
terials,  calculated  to  perplex  and  embarrass  rather  than 
enlighten  the  reader.  The  names  of  the  latter  au 
thors  are  purposely  omitted  as  unworthy  of  notice,  as 
nothing  could  with  justice  be  said  of  them  to  interest 
the  public,  or  redouna  to  their  own  advantage.  I 
cheerfully  avail  myself  of  the  present  occasion  to  ex 
press  my  deep  sense  of  obligation  to  the  following 
gentlemen,  from  whom  valuable  communications 


100  MEMOIR. 

were  received  during  the  progress  of  this  laborious 
map. 

Nathan  Hale,  of  Boston,  for  permission  to  use  his 
excellent  map  of  the  Eastern  States,  and  for  his  com 
munication,  and  report  on  the  Massachusetts  rail  roads. 

N.  A.  Ware,  for  his  communication  regarding  the 
new  counties  in  Maine  and  New  Hampshire  and  seve 
ral  other  states. 

S.  Davidson  King,  of  the  General  Land  Office  at 
Washington,  for  copies  in  manuscript  of  the  map  of 
the  boundary  line  between  the  United  States  and  Bri 
tish  possessions,  as  fixed  by  the  commissioners,  under 
the  7th  article  of  the  treaty  of  Ghent.  This  map  is 
drawn  on  a  very  extensive  scale  and  occupies  no  less 
than  27  large  sheets;  it  forms  the  base  of  my  repre 
sentation  of  the  St.  Lawrence,  Straits  of  Niagara,  and 
Detroit  river.  To  the  friendly  and  disinterested  aid 
of  Mr.  King,  I  am  also  indebted  for  copies  of  all  the 
government  surveys  in  the  states  of  Ohio,  Indiana, 
Illinois,  Missouri,  Louisiana,  Mississippi  and  Alaba 
ma,  and  in  the  territories  of  Florida,  Arkansas  and 
Michigan,  made  and  transmitted  by  him  immediately 
on  their  arrival  at  his  office. 

Simeon  Dewitt,  surveyor  general  of  New  York,  for 
the  locations  of  the  new  counties  and  correction  of  er 
rors  in  some  of  the  older  ones. 

Thomas  Gordon,  of  Trenton,  N.  J.  for  permission 
to  use  his  new  map  of  New  Jersey,  and  for  his  inter 
esting  and  scientific  communication  regarding  the  po 
sitions  of  Philadelphia  and  New  York. 


101 


E.  Blunt,  of  N.  Y.,  for  his  manuscript  chart  of 
the  coast  of  Delaware  and  Maryland. 

John  Wilson,  of  Pennsylvania,  for  his  communi 
cation  regarding  the  Columbia  rail  road. 

J.  M'llvaine,  for  his  communication  relative  to 
the  Pennsylvania  canals,  &c. 

George  Armroyd,  for  his  communication  regard* 
ing  the  Pennsylvania  canals. 

H.  Boye,  author  of  the  new  map  of  Virginia,  for 
his  table  of  altitudes  of  places  in  Virginia. 

J.  P.  Stabler,  of  Sandy  Springs,  Md.,  for  his  sketch 
of  the  Dismal  Swamp  Canal.  E.  Stabler,  for  a  cor 
rected  map  of  part  of  Maryland. 

Governor  Forsyth,  of  Georgia,  for  copies  of  the  re 
cent  surveys,  county  lines,  and  new  towns  in  that 
state. 

James  Camak,  of  Milledgeville,  Ga.,  for  his  manu 
script  map  of  the  boundary  between  Georgia  and  Ala 
bama,  and  a  communication  regarding  the  geographi 
cal  position  of  several  important  places  in  Georgia. 

Adiel  Sherwood,  of  Georgia,  for  his  communica 
tion  regarding  some  of  the  new  counties  in  that  state. 

John  Lee  Williams,  of  Pensacola,  for  his  commu 
nication  regarding  the  county  lines  and  new  towns  in 
Florida. 

Hector  McMill,  of  Florida,  for  his  communication 
regarding  the  physical  geography  of  that  territory. 

T.  M.  Glassell,  of  Florida,  for  his  manuscript  map 
and  communication  regarding  the  Seminole  lands. 

J.    McCoy,  for  his  communication  regarding  the 


102  A3EMOIR, 

recent  changes  of  county  lines,  and  the  location  of 
some  new  towns  in  Alabama. 

James  Magoffin,  of  Alabama,  for  his  communica 
tion,  and  manuscript  map  of  a  part  of  that  state. 

T.  W.  Mathews,  of  Alabama,  for  his  manuscript 
map  of  a  part  of  that  state. 

Thos.  H.  Williams,  for  his  communication  regard 
ing  some  of  the  roads,  &c.  of  Mississippi. 

George  Dougherty,  for  a  corrected  map  and  com 
munication  regarding  the  new  counties  and  towns  in 
the  state  of  Mississippi. 

Th.  Seghers,  of  New  Orleans,  for  his  communica 
tion  regarding  the  new  parishes  in  Louisiana. 

W.  Conway,  of  Arkansas  Territory,  for  his  com 
munication  regarding  the  new  counties  and  towns  in 
that  territory. 

Newton  Cannon,  of  Harpeth,  for  his  communica 
tion  regarding  the  new  towns  and  county  lines  in 
Tennessee. 

John  H.  Bills,  for  his  manuscript  map  of  a  part  of 
Tennessee. 

James  W.  Palmer,  of  Lexington,  Kentucky,  for  a 
corrected  map  of  Kentucky,  including  all  the  new 
counties  and  towns  in  that  state. 

Chittenden  Lyon,  of  Kentucky,  for  his  communi 
cation  and  manuscript  map  of  the  western  part  of 
Kentucky,  with  corrections  of  county  lines,  new 
towns,  &c. 

Richard  H.  M'Gill,  of  St.  Louis,  for  a  corrected 
map  of  Illinois  and  Missouri,  containing  the  new 
counties  and  towns  in  those  states. 


MEMOIR.  103 

J.  Farrington,  for  his  communication  and  correct 
ed  map  of  the  bounty  lands  in  Illinois. 

John  Tipton,  of  Indiana,  for  his  communication 
and  manuscript  map  regarding  the  north  part  of  In 
diana. 

T.  M.  Ray,  of  Indianapoils,  for  his  manuscript 
map  of  the  new  counties  and  towns  in  Indiana. 

Austin  W.  Morris,  for  his  communication  and  cor 
rected  map  of  the  state  of  Indiana,  including  the  new 
counties,  and  many  new  towns,  roads,  &c. 

J.  Bush  of  Indiana,  for  his  communication  regard 
ing  the  new  roads  in  that  state. 

John  Brown,  for  his  communication  on  the  new 
roads  and  towns  of  Indiana. 

A.  Bourne,  of  Chillicothe,  Ohio,  for  a  corrected 
map  of  Ohio,  and  communication  on  the  Ohio  ca 
nals,  &c. 

Mr.  Trowbridge,  of  Detroit,  for  a  map  of  that  ter 
ritory,  with  the  new  counties,  towns,  &c. 

Dr.  Bixby,  of  England,  for  several  manuscript 
maps  of  the  region  of  the  Lakes,  &c. 

Other  persons,  deserving  of  special  notice  in  this 
place,  and  perhaps  entitled  to  my  warmest  thanks, 
may  have  been  omitted,  not  through  the  want  of 
respect,  but  of  recollection.  This  I  fear  may  be  the 
case  in  a  few  instances,  as  my  account  of  some  of  the 
documents  used  in  the  commencement  of  the  work, 
was  drawn  up  from  memory.  To  all  who  have 
contributed  their  aid,  I  offer  my  sincere  thanks. 


10-1  MEMOIR. 

SUMMARY 

OF  THE  ORIGINAL  MATTER. 

From  the  foregoing  remarks  and  a  careful  exami 
nation  of  the  map,  it  will  be  perceived  that  the 
New  Map  of  the  United  States  comprehends  one 
hundred  and  fifty-six  New  Counties ;  five  hundred 
and  forty  New  Towns,  and  upwards  of  fifteen  hun 
dred  names  of  Rivers,  Lakes,  Bays,  &c.  not  to  be 
found  in  any  similar  map;  more  than  22,000  miles 
of  New  Roads,  with  the  distances  from  place  to  place 
distinctly  indicated;  about  36,000  square  miles  of  ter 
ritory  delineated  from  recent  government  surveys, 
some  of  them  executed  within  a  few  months ;  and 
4057  miles  of  Canals  and  Rail  Roads,  the  greater 
part  of  which  has  never  been  traced  on  a  map  of 
the  United  States.  It  exhibits  the  states  of  Maine, 
New  Hampshire,  Vermont,  Massachusetts,  Connecti 
cut,  and  Rhode  Island,  as  recently  compiled  from  ac 
tual  surveys;  and  those  of  New  Jersey  and  Virginia 
entirely  remodelled  from  actual  and  recent  surveys, 
which  have  never  been  incorporated  into  any  other 
general  map;  the  altitude  of  nearly  600  important 
points  distributed  throughout  the  United  States;  and 
it  embodies  all  the  government  surveys  up  to  the 
present  time,  made  in  the  western  states  and  ter 
ritories,  comprising  an  aggregate  area  of  more  than 
310,000  square  miles  of  actual  and  accurate  sur 
veys.  In  addition  to  these  important  accessions  to 
our  stock  of  knowledge  on  the  general  geography 


MEMOIR.  105 

of  the  United  States,   the  map  contains  the  follow 
ing  supplementary  Maps,  Plans,  &c. 

1  Plan  of  the  City  of  Boston. 

2  New  York. 
Philadelphia. 

4  Baltimore. 

5  Washington. 

6  Charleston. 

7  New  Orleans. 
S  Map  of  the  Environs  of  Boston. 

9  Albany,  Saratoga,  &e. 

10  New   York   and   New 

Brunswick. 

1 1  Philadelphia  and  Tren 

ton. 

12  Baltimore  and  Wash 

ington. 

13  Savannah,  Georgia. 

14  Pittsburg,  Pa. 

15  General  Map  of  Oregon  and  Mandan  Districts. 

16  Chart  of  the  Outlet  of  Oregon  river. 

17  South  Part  of  Florida. 

IS  Profile  of  the  Grand  Portage,  Maine. 

19  Chesapeake  and  Delaware  Canal. 

20  Dismal  Swamp  Canal. 

21  Florida  Canal. 

22  Krie  Canal. 

23  Ohio  Canal. 

24  Morris  Canal. 

25  Union  Canal. 

26  Schuylkill  Navigation. 

27  Pennsylvania  Canal. 

28  Chesapeake  and  Ohio  Canal. 

29  Massachusetts  Rail  Road. 

30  Columbia  Rail  Road. 

31  Baltimore  and  Ohio  Rail  Road. 

32  Statistical  Table  of  the  Western  Districts, 


106  MEMOIR. 

33  Statistical  Table  of  the  United  States,  exhibit 
ing  the  Area;  Capital;  Metropolis,  with  its  latitude, 
longitude,  and  population;  date  of  constitution;  time 
of  stated  meeting  of  the  Legislature;  day  of  general 
election;  population  of  1820  divided  into  classes,  and 
the  estimated  population  of  1829,  of  each  state  and 
territory  of  the  union. 

The  plans  of  cities,  will  be  found  exceedingly  mi 
nute  in  every  particular;  they  contain,  with  but  few 
exceptions,  all  the  information  found  in  larger  plans: 
all  the  names  of  streets,  lanes,  public  buildings,  and 
every  other  object  of  interest  usually  inserted  in  such 
representations,  are  given. 

The  topographical  maps  or  views  of  the  environs 
of  the  principal  cities,  are  drawn  on  such  scales  as  to 
admit  the  introduction  of  every  town,  village  and  im 
portant  road,  embraced  within  their  respective  bor 
ders.  They  contain  much  information  which  may 
with  strictness  be  denominated  original,  and  will  be 
found  useful,  when  viewed  in  connection  with  their 
corresponding  parts  on  the  principal  map. 

The  distances  from  place  to  place,  are  noted  in  every 
part  of  the  map,  and  the  important  leading  roads  are 
distinguished  from  state  or  more  local  roads,  by  ap 
propriate  characters. 

The  profiles  or  vertical  sections  constitute  one  of 
the  most  valuable  and  interesting  features  of  the  map. 
Those  numbered  from  22  to  31  both  inclusive  are  pro 
jected  on  similar  scales  ;  the  horizontal  scale  being  the 
same  as  that  of  the  principal  map,  30  miles  to  an  inch, 
and  the  vertical  scale  1000  feet  to  an  inch.  By  this 
arrangement  a  just  and  accurate  view  is  obtained  of 


MEMOIR.  107 

the  relative  extent  and  altitude  of  the  several  parts 
of  those  highly  important  works.  They  afford  a 
species  of  information,  which  is  almost  indispensable 
to  a  clear  understanding  of  matters  connected  with 
the  great  work  of  internal  improvement  of  our  coun 
try,  which  is  every  where  in  active  progress. 

In  embodying  these  sections,  I  have  in  no  instance 
made  use  of  documents  that  were  not  founded  on  act- 
ual  measurements  and  deduced  from  levelling  opera 
tions.  In  this  way  I  have  with  considerable  labour 
brought  together  upwards  of  six  hundred  points  in 
various  parts  of  the  United  States,  whose  elevations 
above  the  Atlantic  Ocean  are  distinctly  noted,  which 
as  matters  of  reference  cannot  fail  to  prove  eminently 
useful,  and  will  be  duly  appreciated  by  all  who  are 
aware  of  the  difficulties  which  attend  the  acquisition 
of  the  necessary  data  for  such  diagrams. 

When  we  reflect  on  the  immense  labour,  which, 
in  the  aggregate,  must  have  attended  the  surveys,  up 
on  which  our  present  stock  of  this  sort  of  informa 
tion  is  founded,  and  the  great  expense  to  the  state 
governments  and  individuals  involved  in  them  ;  it 
will,  I  think,  be  readily  admitted,  that  the  space  de 
voted  to  the  physical  sections,  on  the  map,  is  well 
appropriated. 

Much  advantage  will  result  from  the  general  diffu 
sion  of  this  kind  of  information  ;  while  it  affords  the 
very  best  means  of  developing  the  general  aspect  of 
the  country,  it  will  serve  to  check  those  impractica 
ble  and  frivolous  projects  which  interested  specula 
tors  are  constantly  urging  on  the  unwary;  it  acquaints 


108  MEMOIR. 

us  not  only  with  the  relative  extent  and  elevations  at 
tained  by  our  leading  works,  but  it  affords  a  compre 
hensive  view  of  the  physical  structure  of  the  region 
occupied  by  the  United  States,  thus  leading  to  a  cor 
rect  knowlege  of  the  great  features  of  our  continent, 
its  elevations,  depressions,  mountain  ranges  and  its 
valleys. 

Another  important  improvement,  which  if  we  re 
gard  its  extent,  is  peculiar,  not  only  to  the  principal 
map  but  also  to  the  topographical  views,  is  the  indi 
cation  of  the  distances  from  town  to  town.  This 
is  done  on  all  the  leading  roads  and  most  of  the  com 
mon  state  or  cross  roads.  The  labour  which  attend 
ed  this  part  of  my  work,  can  scarcely  be  conceived 
by  persons  unacquainted  with  such  matters.  Some 
idea  of  it  may  be  formed,  when  I  affirm  that  the  en 
tire  map  could  and  would  have  been  completed  in 
less  than  half  the  time  which  tvas  employed  in  its 
execution,  if  the  distances  had  been  omitted.  Such 
an  omission,  however,  would  have  greatly  circum 
scribed  the  utility  of  the  map;  and  as  I  had  determin 
ed  in  the  outset  to  render  the  work  every  way  deserv 
ing  the  liberal  patronage,  which  early  indications  led 
me  to  expect,  I  have  adhered  strictly  to  that  deter 
mination  to  the  end. 


THE    END. 


A  LIST 

OF 

MAPS,  CHARTS, 

AND 

GEOGRAPHICAL  WORKS, 

Recently  published,  and  for  sale  by 

H.  S.  TANNER, 

GEOGRAPHER  AND  MAP  PUBLISHER, 
Corner  of  Seventh  fy  Chestnut  Sts. 

PHILADELPHIA. 


Where  most  other  Publications,   connected  with 
American  Geography,  &c.  may  be  had. 


10 


LIST  OF  MAPS,  &c. 


No.  1.  A  new  American  Atlas,  containing  Maps  of 
the  several  States  of  the  North  American 
Union,  projected  and  drawn  on  a  uniform 
scale  of  fifteen  miles  to  the  inch,  from  do 
cuments  found  in  the  public  offices  of  the 
United  States,  and  state  governments  :  to 
which  are  added,  Maps  of  the  World  and 
Quarters;  one  of  North  America  on  four 
sheets,  and  one  of  South  America  on  two 
sheets,  together  with  a  Geographical  Me 
moir,  giving  a  detailed  account  of  the  ma 
terials  used  in  the  construction  of  the  va 
rious  Maps.  The  whole  exhibiting  a  full 
and  complete  geographical  view  of  the 
two  continents  of  North  and  South  Ame 
rica,  in  connexion  with  the  other  parts  of 
the  known  world.  This  work  has  already 
passed  through  two  editions,  within  the  pe 
riod  of  two  years,  and  has  received  the  ap 
probation  and  patronage  of  many  of  the 
most  distinguished,  scientific,  and  literary 
characters  both  in  this  country  and  in 
Europe  ;  special  resolutions  of  Congress 
and  other  public  bodies  in  its  favour  have 
been  passed,  and  as  the  author  is  constantly 
engaged  in  the  improvement  of  the  plates, 
by  inserting  all  new  information,  he  trusts 
that  it  will  continue  to  be  what  it  has  been 
since  its  publication,  the  standard  as  an 
American  Atlas.  Price  of  the  work  in  half 
binding,  -  -  $30  00 

No.  2.  The  same,  with  the  Maps  mounted  on  rol 

lers  and  varnished,  "  -         40  00 

No.  3.  The  same,  omitting  the  Maps  of  the  World 
and  Quarters,  and  reserving  all  those  re 
lating  to  North  and  South  America,  the 
States,  &c.  Price  in  half  binding,  -  25  00 


No,  4.  The  same  as  the  preceding,  omitting  the 
Map  of  South  America,  and  the  Geogra 
phical  Memoir,  and  reserving  all  the  Maps 
relating  to  the  continent  of  North  America, 
including  the  State  Maps.  Price  -  $20  00 

No.  5.  Atlas  of  the  United  States,  comprehended  in 
eleven  large  sheet  Maps,  drawn  on  a  uni 
form  scale  of  fifteen  geographical  miles  to 
an  inch.  Price  half  bound,  -  15  00 

No.  6.  The  same  pasted  on  pasteboards,  bound  and 
varnished,  suitable  for  the  use  of  schools. 
Price,  -  20  00 

No.  7.  A  new  General  Atlas,  consisting  of  imperial 
sheet  Maps  of  the  World  on  the  Globular 
projection,  2  sheets  ;  World  on  Mercator's 
projection,  Europe,  Asia,  Africa,  America, 
North  America,  South  America,  2  sheets ; 
United  States,  Mexico,  and  British  posses 
sions.  Price  half  bound,  10  00 

No.  8.  A  new  College  Atlas,  consisting  of  a  series  of 
General  Maps  of  the  various  grand  divi 
sions  of  the  known  world,  adapted  to  the 
course  of  geographical  instruction,  pur 
sued  in  the  colleges  and  high  schools  of 
the  United  States,  imperial  folio.  Price 
half  bound,  5  00 

No.  9,  The  same  as  the  preceding,  with  the  Maps 
pasted  on  thick  pasteboards  and  varnished, 
for  the  use  of  schools.  Price,  -  7  50 

No.  10.  Atlas  of  Ancient  Geography,  designed  to 
illustrate  the  works  of  the  ancient  writers, 
both  sacred  and  profane,  sixteen  select 
Maps  in  imperial  quarto.  Price,  half 
bound,  -:'..  '-  •  3  00 

No.  11.  A  new  map  of  North  America  on  four 
sheets,  embracing  all  the  recent  discove 
ries  of  Ross,  Parry,  Franklin,  Long,  &c.  &c. 
Price,  mounted  on  rollers,  or  in  a  portable 
form,  -  S  00 

No.  12.  A  four  sheet  Map  of  Europe,  improved  to 

1828.     Price,       -  8  00 

No.  13.       Do.  Asia,        do.    do.     do.    '.-  8  00 

No.  14.       Do.  Africa,     do.    do.     do.  —    .       8  00 

No.  15.  A   new    Map  of  South  America,   in   two 

sheets,        do.        do.  -  -          4  CO 


The  Maps  numbered  11, 12,  13, 14,  and  15,  are  usu 
ally  sold  together;  they  form  a  set  on 
which  is  delineated  the  entire  surface  oi 
the  earth,  and  present  as  complete  a  body 
of  geographical  information  on  the  known 
world,  as  the  existing  state  of  knowledge 
will  admit.  Price  of  the  set,  mounted  on 
rollers  and  varnished,  -  -  $35  00 

No.  16.  Map  of  the  World  on  the  Globular  projec 
tion,  two  sheets.  This  Map,  although  de 
signed  for  the  library  and  counting  house, 
will  be  found  highly  useful  for  schools, 
for  which  it  is  well  adapted ;  its  grand  di 
visions  are  distinctly  marked,  and  the  va 
rious  governments  readily  distinguished. 
Price  on  rollers  and  varnished,  -  3  00 

No.  17.  A  new  Map  of  the  United  States  of  Mexi 
co,  on  one  imperial  sheet,  drawn  from  the 
latest  and  best  authorities,  and  exhibiting 
their  subdivisions  as  they  now  exist ;  with 
numerous  tables,  &c.  Price,  in  pocket 
case,  -  2  00 

No.  18.  Map  of  the  Roads,  Canals,  and  Steam-boat 
routes  of  the  United  States,  with  the  dis 
tances  from  place  to  place,  and  a  series  of 
tables  showing  the  principal  Steam-boat 
routes  throughout  the  country.  Price,  in 
pocket  case,  -  1  oo 

No.  19.  Map  of  the  existing  and  contemplated  Ca 
nals  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania,  coloured 
so  as  to  distinguish  between  such  as  are 
finished  or  in  progress,  and  those  merely 
proposed.  Price,  1  50 

No.  20.  Map  of  the  New  England  States,  for  travel 
lers,  in  pocket  case,  -  j  25 

No.  21.  Map  of  the  state  of  New  York,  do.  do.    -  1  25 

No.  22.  Map  of  the  states  of  Pennsylvania  and  New 

Jersey,  for  travellers,  do.  do.  -  1  25 

No.  23.  Map  of  the  states  of  Ohio  and  Indiana, 

do.  do.  1  25 

No.  24.  Map  of  the  states  of  Virginia,  Maryland, 

and  Delaware,  do.  do.  1  25 

No.  25.  Map  of  the  states  'of  Kentucky  and  Ten 
nessee,  do  do.  -  1  25 

No.  26.  Map  of  the  states  of  North  and  South  Ca 
rolina,  do.  do.  -  ••'-''  ..  -  s  i  25 


No.  27.  Map  of  the  states  of  Georgia  and  Alaba 
ma,  do.    do.        -  -        $1  25 
No.  28.  Map  of  the  states  of  Louisiana  and  Missis 
sippi,  do.    do.     -  1  25 
No.  29.  Map  of  the  states  of  Illinois  and  Missouri, 

do.     do.  -  1  25 

No.  30.  Map  of  the  territory  of  Florida,  do.     do.  1  25 

The  state  maps  numbered  from  20  to  30  inclusive, 
are  from  the  American  Atlas,  projected 
and  drawn  on  a  uniform  scale  of  fifteen 
miles  to  the  inch  ;  they  embrace  in  addi 
tion  to  former  surveys,  those  made  by  order 
of  the  United  States  government;  copies  of 
these  surveys,  as  they  progress,  are  regu 
larly  forwarded  to  the  author,  by  whom 
they  are  immediately  inserted  on  the  plates. 
By  these  means,  and  the  facilities  of  procu 
ring  other  information,  afforded  by  an  ex 
tensive  correspondence,  the  maps  are 
made  to  keep  pace  with  the  improvement 
of  the  country,  and  to  exhibit  at  all  times, 
the  existing  state  of  geographical  infor 
mation  regarding  the  United  States,  and. 
contiguous  countries.  The  set,  consisting 
of  eleven  Maps,  printed  on  silk  paper,  is 
put  up  in  a  portable  case  for  the  conveni 
ence  of  travellers.  Price,  $12  and  15  00 
The  same  maps  are  put  up  separately  on  muslin,  in 

a  portable  case.     Price,  each,  2  00 

No.  31.  Chart  of  the  World  on  Mercator's  projec- 

jection,  one  large  sheet,  1  00 

No.  32.  Map  of  Europe,  one  large  sheet,  1  00 

No.  33.  Map  of  Asia,  one  large  sheet,  1  00 

No.  34.  Map  of  Africa,         do.  1  00 

No.  35.  Map  of  America,    do.  1  00 

No.  36.  The  four  preceding  Maps  pasted  together 
on  one  sheet  of  canvas,  and  roller,  suitable 
for  schools.  Price,  -  5  50 

No.  37.  Map  of  North  America,  one  large  sheet,  l  00 

No.  38.  Map  of  the  United  States,  Medium  sheet,  50 

No.  39,  Map   of  New   Brunswick,    Nova  Scotia, 

Newfoundland,  &c,  1  00 

No.  40.  Chart  of  Delaware  Bay,  two  sheets,       -  1  00 

No.  41.  Dissected  Map  of  the  World,  one  large 

sheet,      -  2  50 


No.  42.  Do.  Europe,  do.       -        $2  50 

No.  43.  Do.  Asia,  do.       -  2  50 

No.  44.  Do.  Africa,  do.    ..  -  2  50 

No.  45.  Do.  United  States,        do.      -  2  00 

No.  46.  The  Mariner's  Atmospherical  Register  or 

Weather  Book,  2  50 

No.  47.  A   general  Outline  of  the  United  States, 

-with  plates,  2  50 

No.  48.  Atlas  of  Outline  Maps  of  the  World,  and 

Quarters,  the  set,  0  50 

No.  49.  School    Atlas,    consisting  of    the    World, 

Quarters,  and  United  States,       -  0  50 

No.  50.  A    Geological  Survey  of  the  Environs  of 
Philadelphia,  with  a  Map  coloured  geolo 
gically.     Price,  0  63 
No.  51.  Map  of  the  country  15  miles  around  Phila 
delphia,  with  the  roads,  public  houses,  Sec. 
in  a  pocket  case,  0  50 
No.  52.  Maps  of  the  World,  Europe,  Asia,  Africa, 
and  America,  mounted  on  rollers  and  var 
nished,     suitable     for     counting     houses, 
schools,  See.  Price  each,  $1  50,  or  for  the 
set,            -                                                  ..„.          7  00 
These  Maps  will  be  found   highly  useful  in  mercantile 
establishments,  as  they  present  a  complete  general  view  of 
the  whole  world,  with  the  most  important  commercial  pla 
ces  distinctly  marked.     For  school  purposes  they  are  also 
peculiarly  adapted,  as  they  supercede  in  a  great  measure 
those  large  and  costly  maps  which  have  hitherto  been  used 
in  public  seminaries;  the  entire  set  being  furnished  at  a  price 
considerably  less  than  is  paid  for  a  single  four  sheet  Map. 
No.  53.  Map  of  Schuylkill  county,  Pa.,  on  a  scale  of 

2  miles  to  the  inch.     Price,         -  1  00 

No.  54.  The  Stranger's  Guide  to  the  public  build 
ings,  places  of.  amusement,  streets,  lanes, 
alleys,  wharves,  principal  hotels,  steam 
boat  landings,  stage  offices,  &c.  in  the  City 
of  Philadelphia  and  adjoining  Districts, 
with  references  for  ascertaining  their  posi 
tion  on  the  accompanying  plan  of  the  City; 
the  whole  alphabetically  arranged  and 
forming  a  complete  Guide  to  every  object 
of  interest  in  the  city  and  suburbs  of  Phila 
delphia  :  to  which  are  added  a  Map  of  the 
environs  of  Philadelphia  and  a  view  of  Fair 
Mount  Water  Works.  Price,  -  $1  00 


No.  54.  A  new  and  authentic  Map  of  Colombia, 
with  its  departments  and  provinces,  con 
structed  principally  from  the  manuscript 
maps  drawn  at  Bogota  by  order  of  the  Co 
lombian  government,  with  the  main  roads 
distinctly  marked,  and  a  table  of  the  popu 
lation,  capitals,  and  area  in  square  miles  of 
the  departments;  the  population  and  capi 
tals  of  the  provinces,  and  the  population,  al 
titude,  latitude,  and  longitude,  of  the  capi 
tals  of  each  province  :  the  whole  present 
ing  an  accurate  view  of  the  geography  of 
Colombia  brought  up  to  the  present  time. 
Price,  on  rollers  or  in  a  portable  form,  $5  00 

The  same  printed  on  bank  note  paper,  in  pocket 

case,  -  3  50 

No.  55.  A  View  of  the  United  States— historical, 
geographical,  and  statistical,  exhibiting, 
in  a  convenient  form,  the  natural  and  arti 
ficial  features  of  the  several  states,  and  em 
bracing  those  leading  branches  of  history 
and  statistics,  best  adapted  to  develope  the 
present  condition  of  the  North  American 
Union;  illustrated  with  Maps,  8cc.  By  Wil 
liam  Darby,  forming  an  18mo.  book  of  600 
pages,  with  14  maps.  Price,  2  50 

No.  56.  A  new  pocket  Atlas  of  the  United  States, 
the  Maps  drawn  on  a  uniform  scale,  with 


the  distances  from  place  to  place.  Price, 
No.  57.  Map  of  the  state  of  Pennsylvania, 
No.  58.  Drawing  Book.  No.    1.    Human    figure. 

1  25 
0  38 

Price, 

0  38 

No.  59. 

Do. 

No.  2.     Landscapes. 

0  25 

No.  60. 

Do. 

No.  3.    Shipping 

0  38 

No.  61. 

Do. 

No.  4.     Landscapes, 

0  38 

No.  62. 

Do, 

No.  5.     the    same,  col'd 

0  50 

No,    63. 

Do. 

No.  6.     Flowers, 

0  38 

No.   64. 

Do. 

No.  7.     Flowers, 

0  38 

No.   65. 

Do. 

No.  8.     Flowers, 

0  38 

No.  66. 

Do. 

No.  9.     Flawers, 

0  38 

No.  67. 

Do. 

No.  10.  Roses, 

0  38 

No.   68. 

Do. 

i 

containing     8     she-ets     of 

Flowers  coloured.     Price,  -  I  GO 

No.  69.  A  New  and  elegant  Map  of  the  United  States 
on  a  scale  of  30  miles  to  the  inch — 5  feet  4 


*  s 

inches  long,  and  4  feet  2  inches  high.  Price 
of  the  map  with  the  accompanying  Memoir 
on  the  materials  used  in  its  construction,  $10  00 

No,  70.  Memoir  on  the  recent  Surveys,  Observa 
tions,  and  Internal  Improvements  in  the 
United  States,  with  brief  notices  of  the  new 
counties,  towns,  villages,  canals,  and  rail 
roads,  never  before  delineated.  By  H.  S. 
Tanner.  Intended  to  accompany  his  New 
Map  of  the  United  States.  Price,  -  1  00 

No.  71.  Map  of  the  United  States,  including  the 

Western  Districts.    Price,       -        -        -        0  75 

No.  72.  Print.    View  of  Mount  Vernon,  0  50 

No.  73.     Do.        do        the  same  coloured,  0  75 

No.  74.  Atlas  of  the  state  of  South  Carolina,  con 
taining  maps  of  the  several  districts  drawn 
on  a  uniform  scale  of  two  miles  to  the 
inch,  -  .  ...  12  00 

No.  75,  The  same  maps  put  up  in  a  portable  form, 
at  prices  from  $3  50  to  §1  50  each. 

No.  76.  Map  of  the  state  of  South  Carolina  on  four 
sheets,  drawn  and  published  in  conformity 
to  a  law  of  the  state,  -  5  00 

No.  77.  A  View  of  West  Florida,  embracing  its 
geography,  topography,  8cc.  with  an  ap 
pendix  treating  of  its  antiquities,  land  titles, 
and  proposed  canals,  with  Maps,  by  J.  L. 
Williams.  Price,  2  00 

No.  78.  Map  of  the  western  part  of  Florida,  ex 
tending  from  Mobile  bay  to  the  Suwanee 
river  both  inclusive,  in  pocket  case,  -  1  25 

No.  79.  A  Map  of  the  state  of  New  Jersey,  with 
parts  of  the  adjoining  states,  engraved  on 
three  sheets  ;  by  Thomas  Gordon.  Price, 
mounted  on  rollers,  or  in  a  portable  form,  8  00 

No.  80.  Plan  of  the  city  of  Pittsburg  and  adjacent 

country.    Price  in  pocket  case,  1  00 

*#*  In  preparation,  a  four  sheet  Map  of  the  World  on 
the  globular  projection,  and  a  Classical  Atlas,  consisting  of 
57  Maps  of  Ancient  Geography,  in  imperial  quarto. 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  below,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 
Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


19Jan'648C 

IHTL  i—  !*•*•  t  r*v    i    s""\ 

REC  D  LD 

in  il     n  J.      .,,     m  T  TV* 

TAU6- 


LD  2lA-40m-ll,'6J 
(E1602slO)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


04500 


269800 


UNIVERSJTY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


